After the ban of five highly toxic pesticides, including methamidophos, experts have recommended 17 alternative pesticides—such as fipronil—that have undergone indoor screening, field trials, and large-scale demonstrations. These alternatives are categorized based on crop types, including rice, wheat, cotton, and vegetables. Here’s a detailed guide on their application:
**Rice Pest Control**
1. **Control of Rice Stem Borer**
- **Fipronil**: Recommended dosage is 1.5–2.5 g active ingredient per mu. Apply during the egg hatching period, maintaining either a water layer or water-free condition in the field. Due to its high toxicity to bees, aquatic organisms, and crustaceans like shrimp and crabs, it should not be used in beekeeping areas or aquaculture zones. Avoid discharging treated water into fish ponds or rivers after use.
- **Fipronil + Trichlorfon (1:49)**: Dosage is 50 g active ingredient per mu. Spray during the egg hatching stage, with a preference for a water layer. Avoid use in shrimp and crab farming areas.
- **Triazophos**: Dosage is 30–40 g active ingredient per mu. Apply during the egg hatching period. Due to its long residual effect, it can stimulate the growth of rice brown planthoppers. Use it before the heading stage of rice, preferably in early rice or during the first half of the year. Avoid using in areas with high resistance to triazophos.
2. **Rice Stem Borer Control**
- **Chlorpyrifos**: Dosage is 40–50 g active ingredient per mu. Apply during the hatching period of Sanhua larvae.
3. **Rice Leaf Roller Control**
- **Avermectin**: Dosage is 0.72–0.9 g active ingredient per mu. Spray during the early stages of larval development, ideally during the egg hatching period.
4. **Rice Brown Planthopper Control**
- **Buprofezin**: Dosage is 7.5–12.5 g active ingredient per mu. Apply at the initial stage of infestation, with a water layer preferred during spraying.
5. **Rice White Backed Planthopper Control**
- **Buprofezin**: Same as above.
- **Imidacloprid**: Dosage is 1–2 g active ingredient per mu. Apply at the initial stage of infestation.
**Wheat Pest Control**
- **Wheat Aphid Control**
- **Acetamiprid**: 0.6–0.9 g per mu. Apply during the early stage of aphid infestation in the wheat ear stage.
- **Thiamethoxam**: 5.0–7.5 g per mu. Apply at the beginning of seedling or ear blast.
- **Cyhalothrin**: 0.5–0.6 g per mu. Apply during the early seedling stage. Note that chrysanthemum-based insecticides may harm natural predators, so avoid using them during the ear stage.
**Cotton Pest Control**
1. **Cotton Aphid Control**
- **Imidacloprid**: 1–2 g per mu. Apply at the initial stage of infestation, every 10 days.
- **Acetamiprid**: 0.45–0.6 g per mu. Same application timing.
- **Carbofuran**: 6–9 g per mu. Apply at the initial stage of infestation.
2. **Cotton Red Spider Mite Control**
- **Anthracene**: 2.25–3 g per mu. Spray directly on mites.
- **Abamectin**: 0.27–0.36 g per mu. Apply similarly.
3. **Cotton Bollworm Control**
- **Insecticide (e.g., Emamectin)**: 40 ppm concentration. Apply during egg hatching.
- **Emamectin**: 0.4–0.6 g per mu. Apply during the same period.
**Vegetable Pest Control**
1. **Vegetable Worm Control**
- **Imidacloprid**: 1.0–2.0 g per mu. Apply at the beginning of the locust season.
- **Acetamiprid**: 0.45–0.6 g per mu. Same timing.
2. **Tobacco Pest Control**
- **Imidacloprid**: 2.0 g per mu. Apply at the onset of tobacco powder.
- **Bifenthrin**: 0.75 g per mu. Same application timing.
3. **Spodoptera exigua Control**
- **Bromonitrile**: 5.0 g per mu. Apply before the second instar.
- **Fenpropathrin**: 6.0 g per mu. Same timing.
4. **Diamondback Moth Control**
- **Methyl parathion**: 0.15–0.25 g per mu. Apply before the second instar.
- **Fipronil**: 1.0–2.0 g per mu. Apply before the second instar.
- **Bromonitrile**: 3.35–5.0 g per mu. Same timing.
These alternatives provide effective pest control while minimizing environmental risks. Always follow label instructions and consider local conditions before application.
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