Broilers have unique physiological characteristics that affect their response to medications. Unlike humans, broilers do not have sweat glands, making antipyretic and analgesic drugs less effective for heat stress. Additionally, they have low levels of cholinesterase, which makes them highly sensitive to anticholinergic drugs. Therefore, it's recommended to use left-handed swabs or specific anthelmintics like imidazole to control nematodes in broilers. Their kidneys also have a simple glomerular structure with limited filtration area, so drugs such as gentamicin and streptomycin, which are excreted through the kidneys, must be used with caution after intramuscular injection. On the other hand, due to the presence of air sacs in chickens, aerosol administration is very effective.
It's important to understand drug interactions—both synergistic and antagonistic. Synergistic combinations can enhance the effectiveness of treatments, while antagonistic drugs may reduce efficacy. For example, norfloxacin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline should not be used together, as well as salinomycin and monensin. These should be administered at different times to avoid interference.
Understanding the indications of each drug is crucial. Each medication has a specific antibacterial spectrum and mechanism of action. It's essential to choose antibiotics based on efficacy, safety, cost, and availability, while selecting drugs that are highly sensitive to the identified pathogen. This ensures proper treatment and avoids unnecessary use of antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum ones. Antibiotics are ineffective against neurological symptoms, which are typically caused by brain damage, as most cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
To achieve optimal results, it's necessary to maintain an effective drug concentration over the appropriate treatment period. The initial dose can be increased slightly, followed by a consistent dosage for 3–5 days. Stopping treatment too early can lead to relapse, while prolonged use may cause issues like rickets in poultry or antibiotic resistance. Accurate dosing is critical—measure the weight of the broiler, calculate feed intake, and ensure precise drug amounts. When administering via drinking water, make sure the drug is fully soluble. Insoluble drugs should not be given this way, as they may precipitate and lose effectiveness. In some cases, mixing with feed is preferable, following a gradual and uniform mixing process to prevent uneven distribution and potential toxicity.
Drug residues must also be considered. Withdrawal periods should be strictly observed based on the pharmacokinetics of each drug. Ideally, use drugs with short residue periods and discontinue all medications at least seven days before slaughter to protect public health. Be cautious with toxic drugs, such as olaquindox, to avoid harmful side effects.
Finally, antibiotic dosages should not be excessive. When choosing antibiotics, consider factors like stability, heat resistance, calcium content in feed, and the drug’s antibacterial spectrum. Certain classes, such as sulfonamides, have high absorption rates in broilers, so they should be used carefully to avoid toxicity. Long-term use of these drugs as feed additives is generally not recommended.
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