Broilers have unique physiological characteristics that influence their response to medications. Unlike humans, broilers do not have sweat glands, making antipyretic and analgesic drugs less effective for heat stress. Additionally, they have low levels of cholinesterase, which makes them highly sensitive to anticholinergic drugs. Therefore, it is recommended to use left-handed swabs or specific anthelmintics like imidazole to control nematode infestations. Their glomerular structure is simple with a limited filtration area, so drugs such as gentamicin and streptomycin, which are excreted through the kidneys, can be harmful if administered intramuscularly. Due to their well-developed air sac system, aerosol administration is very effective in treating respiratory diseases.
It's important to understand drug interactions—both synergistic and antagonistic. Synergistic combinations can enhance treatment effectiveness, while antagonistic drugs may reduce efficacy. For example, norfloxacin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline may counteract each other, as do salinomycin and monensin. These should be used at different times to avoid interference.
Proper understanding of drug indications is crucial. Each medication has a specific spectrum of activity, and choosing the right drug based on clinical signs and microbial sensitivity is essential. Avoid blind antibiotic use, especially broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are ineffective against neurological symptoms caused by brain damage. Most antibiotics cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, so they are not suitable for treating central nervous system disorders.
To achieve optimal results, maintain an effective drug concentration throughout the treatment period. A higher initial dose may be necessary, followed by a reduced dosage in subsequent days. The typical treatment duration is 3–5 days; stopping too early may lead to relapse. Prolonged use of antibiotics can cause issues like rickets in poultry and promote bacterial resistance. Accurate dosing is essential—measure the weight of the birds, calculate feed intake, and ensure precise drug amounts. When administering via water or feed, ensure uniform mixing. Insoluble drugs should not be given through drinking water, as this can cause precipitation and reduce efficacy. In summer, lower the drug concentration due to increased water consumption, typically halving the usual amount when using feed additives.
Drug residues must also be considered. Withdrawal periods should be determined based on the pharmacokinetics of each drug. It’s best to use drugs with short residual effects and stop all medications 7 days before slaughter to protect public health. Avoid toxic drugs whenever possible, such as olaquindox, to prevent adverse effects.
Finally, antibiotic dosages should be carefully controlled. Consider factors like stability, heat resistance, calcium content in feed, cost, and antibacterial spectrum. Feed antibiotics like peptides, phosphorus-containing polysaccharides, polyethers, and macrolides are better suited for low-excretion drugs. Sulphonamides are absorbed more efficiently in broilers, so excessive or prolonged use can lead to toxicity. They should not be used as long-term additives in feed.
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