Magnolia officinalis, Eucommia ulmoides, and Phellodendron amurense are collectively known as "Sanmu" in traditional Chinese medicine. These herbs are primarily used for their ability to dry dampness, relieve gas, and treat conditions such as abdominal distension, vomiting, diarrhea, and phlegm-related coughs. They are widely utilized in herbal formulations, with over 200 prescriptions incorporating Magnolia officinalis as a key ingredient. Recent scientific studies have also revealed additional therapeutic properties of Magnolia officinalis, including antibacterial, anti-ulcer, antispasmodic, anti-allergic, and muscle-relaxing effects. Due to its ecological and medicinal importance, Magnolia officinalis is classified as a second-class protected plant and a second-class protected traditional Chinese medicine.
Propagation of Magnolia officinalis can be done through seeds, which is the most common method. The seed propagation process involves several key steps:
1. **Seed Selection and Treatment**: Choose healthy parent plants of Magnolia officinalis. In October each year, when the fruits turn red, collect the seeds. Remove the fruit cover and select only full, disease-free seeds. The seeds have a hard outer shell coated with wax, making them difficult to absorb moisture. To enhance germination, soak the seeds in cold water (or warm water at 20°C–25°C) for 2–3 days. After soaking, place the seeds in a bamboo basket and rub them with your feet while washing off the outer layer. Once cleaned, rinse with warm water, dry, and mix with coarse sand before sowing.
2. **Sowing Method**: Magnolia is typically sown between October and December, with some regions like Sichuan and Hubei preferring late February. Prepare a nursery area that is partially shaded and well-drained, near the planting site. In the first winter, plow the soil to a depth of 25 cm, let it weather, and then break up the clods in spring. Apply 2,500 kg of wood ash or 1,000 kg of manure per mu, or 800 kg of cow dung, and mix thoroughly. Create raised beds 15–20 cm high and 100–120 cm wide, with drainage ditches around. Plant the seeds in rows spaced 20 cm apart, with 10–15 cm between plants, and cover with 2–3 cm of soil. Finally, cover with a thin layer of grass and keep the soil moist.
3. **Seedling Management**: Seedlings usually emerge in March of the second year. As they grow, remove any weak or crowded seedlings. When the height reaches 6–7 cm, apply 1,000 kg of diluted human excrement per acre to promote growth. From May onward, provide shade to protect young seedlings. In June, apply 3–4 kg of urea per acre, and ensure regular watering during dry periods. Drainage is essential during the rainy season to prevent root rot. Seedlings can be transplanted after one year of cultivation.
4. **Afforestation Site Selection**: For optimal growth, choose mid- to high-altitude slopes between 800–1,700 meters for Chuan-ho-Peng, and low-altitude areas between 600–800 meters for Magnolia officinalis. Sunny slopes with deep, fertile, and moist sandy loam soil rich in humus are ideal. Clear the site of roots and stones, break up the soil, dig holes 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep, and space them 3 meters apart. After weathering, add 10 kg of organic fertilizer per hole as base fertilizer, mix well, and plant the seedlings.
5. **Transplanting**: Transplant Magnolia in late autumn or early spring before the "Rain" solar term. During transplanting, trim the main roots slightly and plant one seedling per hole. Ensure the roots are naturally extended. After covering half the soil, gently lift the seedling and fill the hole completely. Water thoroughly, then cover with loose soil and weeds. Intercropping with legumes or corn during the first 5–6 years is possible, as long as it's not too close to Magnolia to avoid competition.
In the afforestation area, fertilization is generally not required. However, if conditions allow, apply compost or manure in winter, or a small amount of urea in spring to support growth. Common diseases include leaf blight and root rot, while pests like brown beetles may appear. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary. Magnolia officinalis can be harvested after 15 years of cultivation.
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