Corn storage is a critical process that requires careful attention to the unique characteristics of the grain. First, the original moisture content of corn is usually high and uneven. During harvest season, factors such as weather conditions can cause significant variations in moisture levels. Additionally, the maturity of the corn is often inconsistent—particularly the top kernels on the ear, which tend to be less mature and have higher water content. These kernels are more prone to damage during the threshing process.
Second, the corn kernel has a large embryo with high metabolic activity. The embryo makes up about one-third of the kernel's size and 10-12% of its weight. It contains loose tissue, along with higher amounts of protein, soluble sugars, and fats. This leads to a much higher respiration rate compared to wheat—approximately 8-11 times greater. As a result, corn is more susceptible to moisture absorption, mold growth, and spoilage during storage.
Third, the high fat content in the embryo makes corn more prone to rancidity. The embryo contains 77-89% of the total fat in the kernel, and its fatty acid value is consistently higher than that of the endosperm. Rancidity typically begins in the embryo area, making it a vulnerable point during long-term storage.
Fourth, the embryo is also highly susceptible to mold. Due to its rich nutrient content, it serves as an ideal environment for microorganisms and pests. Once the embryo absorbs moisture, especially under warm and humid conditions, mold can quickly develop and spread, leading to further deterioration of the grain.
For ear corn storage, it is common to use specially designed containers. These containers can be rectangular or round. A rectangular container should be placed 0.5 to 1.0 meters above the ground, with a width not exceeding 2.0 meters and a length determined by the available space. They are typically made of wood or straw. Round containers usually have a diameter of 0.5 meters and a height of 3-4 meters, surrounded by reeds or straw for insulation.
During storage, it is essential to keep the lid tightly closed to prevent rain or snow from entering. Choose a dry and well-ventilated location, and maintain proper spacing between storage units to ensure good air circulation. If the moisture level of the ears is low, it’s best to remove the kernels promptly to avoid mold or spoilage during wet seasons.
If the moisture content of the ears is uniform and within safe limits, there should be no issues with heat or mold. However, regular monitoring is necessary. If any signs of heat or humidity are detected, cooling measures should be taken immediately.
For shelled corn storage, dried kernels can be stored in silos or warehouses. The stacking height should not exceed 2-3 meters. Corn with a moisture content below 13% and a grain temperature not exceeding 30°C is generally safe for summer storage. If new corn is stored, it’s recommended to aerate and turn the grains about a month after storage, or when transitioning from autumn to winter, to distribute any trapped moisture and prevent sweating. For corn that has been properly dried and has a moisture content below 14%, cryogenic freezing during winter can help seal the kernels and ensure safe storage through the summer months.
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