Section 1: Economic Value of Eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides) belongs to the Eucommiaceae family, which is only one genus and one species. It is a unique economic tree species native to China.
First, the health care function of Eucommia is well-known. As early as two thousand years ago, China's first monograph on medicine, "Shen Nong's Materia Medica," recorded the efficacy of Eucommia bark, calling it "Du Zhong Wei Xin Ping." The indications include lumbar pain, Buzhong, Yi Jing Qi, strong bones, strong will, in addition to genital itching, urine Yu Le. Jiufu light and stamina. And Eucommia is considered a top-grade Chinese medicine.
During the 16th century, Li Shizhen, an outstanding medical scientist of the Ming Dynasty in China, wrote in the book Compendium of Materia Medica that the origin of the name of the Eucommia tree species is that “there is a way for Du Zhong (person name) to serve this way, and Si Zhong and Si Xian are all righteous.†So Du Zhong comes from a person's name. Although the ancient records of the use of Eucommia to achieve immortality have a mystical color, the medicinal value of Eucommia has been fully affirmed by famous doctors in ancient times.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" and another well-known drug book of our country, "Compendium of Herbal Medicine," elaborated on the pharmacology and efficacy of Eucommia ulmoides: purple purpurea, sweet and pungent, and its nature is mild, sweet and warm can make up, micro-Xin Nengrun, it can enter the liver and kidney. Ganoderma main tendon, kidney main bone, kidney filling is strong bone, liver filling is gluten, can make the bones phase. Treatment of waist and knee pain, fetal embolism.
In modern times, with the rapid development of medical science and the application of various modern detection technologies, Eucommia's health care function has been updated more. After entering the 1950s, a large number of pharmacological and clinical applications in China, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, and other countries have proved that Eucommia is a high-quality natural antihypertensive drug. It is effective in treating hypertension in various stages and can reduce body cholesterol content, prevention of arteriosclerosis. Prof. Cheng Tieming, professor of the School of Pharmacy of Beijing Medical University, and other domestic medical experts, the latest research results show that in addition to the traditional medical and health care functions, Eucommia ulmoides has significant effects on enhancing memory function, analgesia, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-tumor, and regulation of immune function. In particular, the unique two-way regulation of immune function plays a vital role in maintaining the health of the human body. According to Japanese experts, Eucommia also has a "bidirectional regulatory effect" on blood pressure. NASA medical and health experts believe that Eucommia can promote the synthesis and decomposition of collagen in human bones and muscles, promote metabolism, prevent occupational and senile osteoporosis, and is ideal for aviation health care and geriatric health products. The history of the second section of the use of Eucommia, the earliest application records of Eucommia [3]
Eucommia is an ancient tree species that remains after the Quaternary glacial invasion. Our country is the source of existing Eucommia. In history, the working people of our country had known Eucommia very early and began to use it. According to historical records of ancient medicine, Du Zhong’s understanding of the use of at least 2,000 years of history, it is closely related to the development of Chinese medicine in our country, in the long-term medical practice is constantly enriched, perfected and systematized. According to expert research, Eucommia used about the time of the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Jianwu, level (AD 55-68 years) before and after.
About the earliest records of Eucommia found in the Han Dynasty, one of the textual research is the medical wood slips unearthed in the Han Tombs; the other is the traditional medicinal classic "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing."
In 1972, a large number of medical materials were unearthed at the Hantan Tomb of Yantanpo in Wuwei, Gansu Province. The contents were all related to medical science. The medicine contains more than 30 complete medical prescriptions and nearly 100 kinds of medicines. Among them, there are records of treatment of consumptive and internal injuries caused by "seven injuries" using Eucommia and other kidney medicines: "What is a 'seven wound'? The cold, the second haze, and the third haze, the name of the disease are internal injuries. Campanulaceae is very, Achyranthes, Dipsacus, â– Eucommia â– each quarter, Cistanche, â– , where all fifteen things, are all together." This ancient medical side stated that Eucommia had been used to treat diseases and was compatible with other drugs. Compound prescriptions were used. From the amount of different drugs used in the compound, it can be seen that the medicinal properties of Eucommia ulmoides have been fairly accurately known and grasped at that time.
Another early record of Eucommia was found in The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. The "Shen Nong's Materia Medica Sutra" is the earliest extant masterpiece of pharmacology in China. Medical history scholars generally believe that it is not a one-time person's hand. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, many pharmacologists have constantly collected and processed pharmacological data to the Eastern Han Dynasty. (2nd century AD) was the last book. The book contains a total of 365 kinds of drugs, according to the drug performance, efficacy differences, divided into three kinds of upper and middle products. Most of the top grades are nourishing and strong drugs that can be used for long-term service, non-toxic or with minimal toxicity. Eucommia is one of the top 120 products. "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" not only has a clear record of the medicinal properties and odor of Eucommia, but also gives a detailed description of its indications and functions. These were inherited by later generations of medical literature and proved to be reliable by long-term clinical practice tests and modern studies. This shows that the understanding of Eucommia at that time has reached a very profound and very scientific level.
II. Important records and understandings of Eucommia in past dynasties After the Eastern Han Dynasty, ancient Chinese books have been recorded for Eucommia [3]
(I) Period of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220-589 AD)
During this period, our country's pharmacology continued to advance, and varieties of learning drugs were continuously discovered. The knowledge of drug taste, indications, synonym, place of production, and month of harvesting gradually increased. The emergence of a series of books such as "Doctors for the Specialties" (492-536) and "The Leigong Artillery Paradox" (420-479) reflected the new level of pharmacology theory and knowledge. Tao Hongjing's “Doctors Don't Record†is based on the “Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing†and adds a lot of new content to various drugs. It has added new insights, new functions and synonym, new origins, and acquisitions to Du Zhong. On the other hand, for the first time, it was clearly stated that Eucommia was used as a skin. At the same time, the identification and processing of Eucommia ulmoides were also elaborated: “This is where the Jianping and Yidu are to be used. It is like Magnolia, and it is better to use as much as white silk. With it, the thin epithelium is cut off, and the cross-cutting rule is cut.†This accurately pointed out the characteristics of Eucommia and established the criteria for distinguishing white silk from fine.
Another drug-processing book, "The Leigong Artillery Paradox", details the processing method of Eucommia. Wen Hao: "Everyone must first cut away rough skin, use crisps and honey, and use one or two rubbish to make it full. When it's dry, it's fine. It's a kilo of pounds, two pounds, three and two honey. Both the fragrant phase and the order are used." This ancient artillery craftsmanship has made great improvements in modern times, but the method of frying and cutting off the rough skin has been used today.
(III) Period of Song and Yuan Dynasty (960-1368 AD)
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the development of pharmacology in China since the Sui and Tang dynasties entered a new stage. Focusing on investigations and research, the drug records are practical and realistic, and the emphasis on the study of drug theory is an important feature of this period. The understanding of Eucommia has also reached a new level. In the year 1016, the book "The Draft of the Sketch" compiled on the basis of the National General Survey of Drugs summarized the results of investigations and expedited previous generations of literature. The records of drugs were more comprehensive and profound because of the description of medicinal plants. The role played by the past and the future was deeply valued by the post-Expo therapists, the scholasticologists, and the botanists. The book adds a lot of new content to Eucommia, such as:
Du Zhong Song Dynasty origin. "This time, we have Shangzhou, Chengzhou and Xiazhou. There are also mountains near here."
The form of Eucommia. "The high number of woods, the leaves are like Magnolias, and also the kind of crickets. Their hides are thick and simple, and they are connected by white silk."
Du Zhongxin has a different name. "The kapok people in Jiangnan called it."
The medicinal functions and other uses of Eucommia leaves, flowers, solids, and wood. "When the young leaves are tender, they eat, the main wind is poisonous, they have beriberi, and they have a long product. The air is cold and the intestines have blood under the armpits. They should also be dried and made soup. The flowers are really bitter and they are also worthy of medicine." Referring to "Zhongfangfangfang" and Cui Yuanliang's "Upper Sea" in the "Dongzhong Ancient Medicine Party."
In addition to the book "The Sketch", Zhang Yuanyuan, Li Yu, Wang Haogu and other famous medical experts of Jin and Yuan also put forward many new insights into the medicinal properties and pharmacology of Eucommia. For example, Wang Haogu believed that Eucommia was praised by the famous doctor Li Shizhen.
From the above description, at that time, the understanding of Eucommia by the medical community was quite comprehensive and many breakthroughs were made. Among them, the use of Eucommia leaves, flowers, fruits, solids, and materials, especially the feeding methods and unique effects of young leaves are important new discoveries. Modern scientific research confirms that the Eucommia leaf contains the same active ingredients as the skin, and is a reliable alternative to Duzhong skin. Modern scientific research from the ancients confirmed that the Eucommia leaf contains the same active ingredients as the skin and is a reliable alternative to Duzhong skin. The ancients used the Eucommia leaf more than 900 years ago and named it "Kapok". This historical heritage is worthy of serious study and reference.
(D) Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD 1368-1911)
The achievements of previous generations of Chinese medicine inherited in the Ming Dynasty reached an unprecedented peak. The masterpiece "Compendium of Materia Medica" (1596) was a great achievement in pharmacology before the 16th century and was hailed as a landmark in the history of pharmacy. More than a thousand years of knowledge and experience about Eucommia have also been comprehensively and systematically summarized in this book. The knowledge about various aspects of Eucommia described in this book is described here:
Release name: List the alias of Eucommia and explain the naming meaning "Every time there was Du Zhong serving this way, because of the name. Si Zhong and Si Xian are all from the same meaning. Their skin is silvery like cotton, such as Yu Mu Mian."
Settlement: Introduction of Eucommia on the place of production, form, harvest, use of various parts and so on.
Repair: Describe various methods of gunning by Eucommia.
Odor: The taste of Eucommia is toxic and toxic.
Indications: List the efficacy and indications of Eucommia.
Invention: Explains the theory of medicinal properties of Eucommia ulmoides and points for its use. Li Shizhen’s personal opinions are mainly used as the essence of this book.
Attachment: Lists the diseases that are treated by Eucommia and shows the formula containing Eucommia under various diseases.
All the above mentioned articles cited a large number of previous generations of literature. Li Shizhen both archaeological examinations today, confession errors, and strictly indicate the source. In the "invention" section, Li Shizhen made profound insights into the medicinal theory of Eucommia with his profound medical qualities and rich clinical experience. He believes: "The ancient side of Eucommia only knows to nourish the kidneys, but the king has a good ancient saying that hepatic gas divides the medicine, moistens the liver and dryness, fills the liver deficiency, and has not made hair since the past." It further elaborated on its pharmacology: "The main lid of the liver, Kidneys are bones, kidneys are filled with bones, livers are filled with muscles, and flexors and extensions are used as ribs, Duchene is purple in colour, sweet and slightly pungent, and its temperature is flat, sweet and warm, and can be used to moisturize, so it can Into the liver and make up the kidneys, the son can make the mother real also." For the ancient side often used the characteristics of Eucommia and wine, Li Shizhen pointed out: "Eucommia can cure waist and knee pain, to drink, it is easy to effect."
At this point, our understanding of Du Zhong by traditional Chinese medical science was summarized and elaborated by Li Shizhen. It is more systematic and complete, and it has gained the peak of empirical science. After the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, there was no major breakthrough. Until the modern science developed the new curative effects of gum and Eucommia bark and leaf buck and health care, the development and utilization of Eucommia ulmoides entered another new world.
Third, the scope of use of Eucommia in all ages [3]
The history of the use of Eucommia, useful medicine, health care and consumption of three aspects.
(a) Drug use is the main use of Eucommia. The earliest seen in the Chinese medicine Jane, after the successive generations, until today. The pharmacological properties and attending functions of Eucommia medicine have already been discussed. In addition, many practical experience in medicine is preserved in the ancient books. Under the "Compendium of Materia Medica" Eucommia "attached square" article, there are 8 kinds of ancient books attached, and 10 prescriptions for treating various diseases with Eucommia are recorded. Among them, there are 4 cases of kidney deficiency and low back pain, 2 wind-chilled kidneys, 2 low back pains, 1 sweating after the illness and 1 juice in the head. Frequently aborted the fetus or 2 of the 3 or 4 months of pregnancy, postpartum diseases and fetuses. Uneasy 1 The composition of prescriptions is mostly composed of Eucommia-based drugs, and a small number of Eucommia ulmoides are single-use only. Formulations are soup, pills, wine, and powder.
Eucommia has the miraculous effect of liver-invigorating and kidney-busting. Li Shizhen once cited a case in “Speaking of Deafnessâ€: “After a neo-adolescent boy, he gets a soft foot disease and is very painful. Healing athlete's foot is not effective. Road bell, Sun Lin (Person name) to diagnose, with Eucommia blindly, broken pieces broken apart, each with one or two half a glass of wine and a large bowl, decoction. Three days to go, and three days to recover, Lin: "This is kidney, not athlete's foot ." A record of the "Youzhi Jiwen" is also recorded. "In RaoCheng, there is a genus of goodness and low back pain in the kidney, and Mr. Sha Sui is ignoring his uncle's pass, and is soaked with Eucommia wine. Transfer down. According to the rule system, the three service and more."
It can be seen that Eucommia is indeed a unique and powerful traditional medicine for nourishing liver and kidney.
(B) health care function of Eucommia as early as "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" has recorded, "Long serving light and stamina, a thinking fairy" is a true portrayal of it. Eucommia is used as an ancient health tonic.
Song "The sketch of the scriptures" recorded Du Zhong "wood for å± äº¦ 亦 亦, but also the main benefits of the foot." å± who, clogs also. In other words, wearing clogs made of eucommia wood is good for legs and feet.
(3) Eating Li Shizhen's “Compendium of Materia Medica†quoted the “draft of the sketch†and “feeding leaves from young leavesâ€. He believed that the young leaves of Eucommia ulmoides had the dual effects of “making vegetables†and treating diseases.
Section 3 Resource Distribution and Introduction Areas I. Resource Distribution According to reports in the literature [4, 5], China's existing Eucommia resources were widely distributed in Eurasia before the late Tertiary. In the Americas, there are also Eucommia growth in Alaska. Eucommia ulmoides in Hokkaido, Japan, flourished during the Pliocene. During the Miocene, the species of Eucommia in Europe and Western Asia were numerous and widely distributed. They survived until the Pliocene. There was also growth of Eucommia in Italy until the Pleistocene. As the Quaternary ice age approached, Eucommia disappeared in Europe and other regions and survived only in the middle of Asia and China. The existing Eucommia in China is a relict plant that has remained in the geological history. The country has listed Eucommia ulmoides as a national grade II protected plant as a rare tree species.
China is the only place where the existing Eucommia resources are preserved. Historical reports on the origin of Eucommia. According to Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica," quoted by Tao Hongjing of the 6th century AD, "Doctors Don't Record" describes: "The Eucommia grows in the valley and on the party Hanzhong â– ." Hong Jing Note: "Shangyu is in Yuzhou. , This is a building that should be built Pingyi are, like Magnolia, white silk is better." According to research, the Yuzhou, that is, Pinglu County, Shanxi Province, there is a branch between the South and North, North In present-day southeast of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, Yuzhou (now Henan Province) is under jurisdiction. The area should be around Funiu Mountain and Xiong' er Mountain. Shangdang, now Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, is located in the area south of the Heshun River and the south of the Heshun and Lishes in Shanxi. Hanzhong, now Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Jianping, this Wushan County, Sichuan Province. Yidu, now Yidu County, Hebei Province. [3,5] In this period, the Taihang Mountain area in the southeast of Shanxi, the Funiu Mountain in the west of Henan, and the Xiong'er Mountain in the west, Hanzhong in south Shaanxi, southwest Hubei, and northeastern Sichuan are the main producing areas of Eucommia.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" also quoted in the 11th century Su Song, "Tutorial Classics," described in the Du Zhong, "this day out of Shangzhou, Chengzhou, Xiazhou near the big mountain in the city. ■" Shangzhou, now Shangzhou City, Shaanxi Province, jurisdiction Equivalent to the south of the Qinling Mountains, east of the Xunhe River, and north of Hubei. Chengzhou, now known as Huaiyang in Henan Province, has jurisdiction over the counties of Taikang, Xihua, Xiangcheng and Yucheng in Henan Province. Xiazhou, now Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, has jurisdiction over the Pinglu, Lucheng, and Yuncheng in Shanxi Province, Lushi and Lingbao in the north of Xionger Mountain in Henan Province [4]. From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the records of the literature: the origin of Eucommia mainly in Guizhou, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, Western Hubei and other places, and Guangxi, Zhejiang and other provinces are also distributed. It can be seen from the earlier records of our country that the distribution area of Eucommia in China is quite broad. It is of great significance to clarify the natural distribution of Eucommia, understand its natural environment, expand the scope of planting, prevent the blind introduction and development, and scientifically develop the resources of Eucommia. However, with the continuous development of history, there are frequent human activities. Although the production of Eucommia continues to expand, it also causes rapid destruction of resources. As described by Chen Rong in 1935, Du Chung said: “Because there is more use of skin and skin, it has not been seen except cultivation.†Therefore, it is very difficult to find out the distribution scope of Eucommia.
According to Professor Zhou Zhengxian's research, [5] the natural distribution area of Eucommia in China is generally in the Qinling, south of the Yellow River, north of Wuling, west of the Yellow Sea, and east of the Yungui Plateau. The period is basically the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. From the perspective of the provinces and regions in the distribution, from Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, to the south, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, East Zhejiang, West Sichuan, Yunnan, China, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Henan, Guizhou and other 15 provinces (District)[2]. These provinces and districts are basically localized and mostly concentrated in mountainous and hilly areas. The main distribution areas of each province and district are as follows:
Gansu Province: It is mainly distributed in Xiaoting Mountain and its south of Huating, Wenxian, Weixian, Chengxian, Wudu, Kangxian, Tianshui and Liangdang.
Shaanxi Province: Mainly located in the south of the Qinling Mountains, north of Daba Mountain, Hanzhong, Ankang, and Ningqiang, Lueyang, Nanzheng, Liuuba, Foping, Xixiang, Zhenba, Hanyin, Ziyang, and Zhenjiang. , Pingli, Zhenping, Zhenan, Shangnan, Danfeng and other counties.
Henan Province: Eucommia concentrated in Lu County, Lingbao, Luanchuan, Lingyang, Nanzhao, Zhenping, Neixiang, Xixia, Xiong'ershan, Tongbai, Tongshan, Tongshan, and Queshan. Dabie Mountain New County, Xinyang, shopping malls and other places.
Hubei Province: Hubei Western Hefeng, Xianfeng, Xuanen, Enshi, Jianshi, Badong, Zigui, Xingshan and Qianxi County in Hubei Province are the main distribution areas of Eucommia in Hubei Province.
Hunan Province: Eucommia is distributed in Shimen, Cili, Zhangjiajie, Sangzhi, Yongshun and Longshan counties in the northwestern part of Hunan Province.
Sichuan Province: Mount Dashan south of Daba Mountain, east of Sichuan and Sichuan in the west of the size of Xiangling are the main distribution areas of the province.
Guizhou Province: Eucommia is mainly concentrated in the Laoshan Mountains and Miaoling Mountains. The key production areas include Zunyi, Jiangkou, Xishui, Zhengan, Shiqian, Daixi, Dafang, Zhijin, Jintan, Tonglu, and Weng'an. Huangping, Kaiyang, Guanling and Zhenning counties.
Yunnan Province: Fuyuan and Zhaotong, which are mainly distributed in the northeastern Yunnan region of the Wumeng Mountains.
The main distribution areas of other provinces and regions are: Da Miaoshan in Guangxi, Xitianmu in Zhejiang, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, Huangshan Mountain in Anhui, and Laoshan in Jiangxi.
The geographical distribution of Eucommia in China is about 25 to 35 in latitude, 104 to 119 in longitude, 10 across north and south, and 15 across east and west. The vertical distribution of Eucommia in natural distribution ranges from 300m to 2500m above sea level. The Eucommia Central Production Area is roughly in southern Shaanxi, northwestern Hunan, eastern Sichuan, northern Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, northern Anhui, western Yunnan, western Hubei, northwestern Hubei, and southwestern Henan. Judging from the records of the aforementioned early records and the scattered natural and mixed forests in the secondary natural and semi-wild states, these regions are the natural distribution areas of Eucommia ulmoides in China.
Second, introduction area
(I) Introduction to foreign countries [5]
Foreign countries have introduced Eucommia from China for nearly 100 years. Introduced to Europe in 1896. In 1899, Japan began to introduce and cultivate from China. Introduced into Russia in 1906, in 1931 began a large number of cultivation near the Black Sea and North Caucasus, trying to solve the problem of the lack of hard rubber in the country. The former Soviet Union succeeded in introducing Eucommia ulmoides and achieved good results. The 15-year-old tree is 6m high, its DBH is 15m to 30cm, and the per plant nutrient quantity is 10kg to 20kg per year. It also withstands low temperatures of -38°C to -40°C during the winter of 1940. The test.
France was introduced to the botanical gardens of France in 1896, and Britain began introducing them a few years later. Eucommia showed strong resistance and strong growth characteristics in the famous Hill botanic garden in England. Since 1952, the United States has introduced or cloned in Ohio, Utah, Indiana, Illinois, and California. Eucommia is mainly used for street greening and garden viewing in the United States and is considered to be of special value for street viewing. Eucommia in Ohio, 22-year-old tree height 6.9m ~ 9.1m, diameter of 40cm or more, and no pests and diseases.
Japan is one of the earliest countries to introduce Eucommia from China. Its development has been most active in recent years. It has been cultivated in 24 counties including Gunma, Chino, Nagoya, and Shizuoka, and has an area of about 480hm2. The cultivation method is mainly based on the operation of mulberry gardens, leaving 0.3m to 0.5m in length. Each year, pruning and collecting leaves are used to produce various health care products, and some roadside trees are also preserved. In recent years, South Korea and North Korea have also begun to introduce cultivated Eucommia. According to reports, there are large areas of dugong forests in the mountains of South Korea and they are growing well. The introduction of Eucommia in South Korea currently focuses on Eucommia health products[2].
In addition to the aforementioned countries, countries that have successively introduced Eucommia from China include Germany, Hungary, India, and Canada.
(II) Introduction to domestic introduction The introduction of Eucommia on a large scale in China began in 1949. There have been introductions of trial species in parts of Beijing and other 10 provinces and municipalities (autonomous regions). Among them, the western part of the province was Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang. The average tree height was 10m at the end of 1979, and the DBH was 8.2cm. During the period without freezing damage, the plants were able to bear fruit normally and the first generation of seedlings had been propagated. In 1955, the planting and planting in Shenyang, Liaoning Province was successful. In addition, there are also preserved trees in Lushun, Dalian, and Yingkou. From 1993 to 1994, Fusong, Linjiang and Jingyu counties in Baishan City of Jilin Province introduced Eucommia ulmoides from Shennongjia of Hubei Province and Beijing. Except for some new and slightly frozen damage, the rest of the growth and development were normal, and the seedling height reached 1.8m in 2 years. the above. The introduction area of Eucommia ulmoides in Baishan City is at 40.38 north latitude and 12659′ east longitude. The Eucommia ulmoides can successfully overwinter over winter, providing a possibility for the large-scale northward migration of Eucommia. From the perspective of temperate introduction of Eucommia, Gansu, Beijing, Anhui, northern Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, northern Shaanxi, and southern Liaoning all achieved success. The introduction of large areas in Jilin and other places has seen hope, but further tests are still needed. Subtropical regions such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Nanjing all grow well. In the southward shift of Eucommia ulmoides, it was reported that Eucommia ulmoides introduced in Nanping and Sanming of Fujian Province grew well; but after introduction in Guangzhou and Nanning, the growth and development of Eucommia ulmoides was poor, and the pests and diseases were more. This may be related to the low temperature conditions required for the development of Eucommia ulmoides. Not satisfied, the higher temperatures, air humidity and soil acidity are too large.
(C) Introduction outlook From the meteorological data of the introduced regions, if the average temperature in the north is lower than -5°C in January, and the minimum minimum temperature is lower than -33°C, the above-ground part of Eucommia may be frozen to death; The monthly average temperature is higher than 9°C, the extreme minimum temperature is higher than -6°C, and the growth and development of Eucommia are also bad. At present, the introduction area can be moved northwards to the South Temperate Zone. The main criteria for the South Temperate Zone are: ≥10°C annual accumulated temperature 3100°C～4500°C, ≥10°C accumulated temperature days 160～180 days, and the coldest month average temperature -10°C～0°C , the extreme minimum temperature -30 °C ~ -20 °C.
From the above domestic introduction, it can be seen that the introduction area of Eucommia in China is quite broad. From the view of genetic theory, Eucommia is an ancient tree species that remains after the Quaternary ice age and is affected by the ecological conditions in the long-term development of the system. The more complex the ecological history, the stronger the adaptability. Although the current distribution area can not fully reflect its heritable adaptability range, the outlook for introducing Eucommia ulmoides in China is quite broad, and the potential advantages are great.
Section IV: Development Scale and Prospects of Eucommia in China The cultivation of Eucommia in China, based on the development of the main producing areas in the country, is basically divided into five periods: 1. There was no plan for spontaneous cultivation by the masses before the 1950s; 2 From the early 1950s to the early 1980s, a large-scale afforestation stage was established; the forestry and pharmaceutical sectors gave vigorous support to the masses for afforestation, and Duzhong Forest Farm was established in Zunyi, Guizhou, Jiangyan, and Jiangpu, Jiangsu. In the early 1980s, the area preserved by China’s Eucommia ulmoides was approximately 30,000 hm2. From 3.1983 to 1990, the construction of the Eucommia base was completed. The relevant departments and production provinces in China established the production bases of Eucommia ulmoides, and the cultivation area rapidly expanded. The cultivated area reached 100,000 hm2. From 4.1991 to 1995, it was a period of rapid development of China's Eucommia ulmoides. A group of private enterprises rapidly emerged. Various forms of Eucommia production bases accompany each other. For example, the Lingbao City Tiandi Ecological Technology Company of Henan Province established a large area. Eucommia base; 5. After 1996, due to the continued decline in the market of Eucommia medicinal herbs, Eucommia production has experienced an unprecedented stagnation. According to incomplete statistics, the country has now established more than 150 production bases for Eucommia in various forms. By the beginning of 2000, the area under development of Eucommia ulmoides has reached more than 350,000 hm2.
Eucommia ulmoides is our country's traditional export-generating product. With the continuous increase in the value of drug use, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the traditional Chinese medicine. The export potential of Eucommia herbs is very large, and the demand for Eucommia in the country is also increasing. However, due to the blind development of production, the oversupply situation has emerged in the domestic market of Du Zhongpi. According to statistics, at present, China's annual output of eucommia bark is 6000t ~ 8000t, of which the domestic demand is about 3000t, and the annual export volume is 1200t ~ 1800t. Controlling the scale of development of Eucommia and widening the use of Du Zhongli, accelerating the pace of comprehensive utilization of Eucommia, and quickly forming a large industry of Eucommia, is imminent.
The history of the use of Eucommia ulmoides leaves is not long, but the international breakthrough in Eucommia health products and China's unique processing technology of eucommia ulmoides and the development of Eucommia leaf feed will give new hope to the full utilization of Eucommia, especially the development of Eucommia ulmoides and its series products. Afterwards, it will drive the formation of Eucommia's comprehensive development industry and the development of Eucommia production in a healthy and stable manner. At the same time, it will also promote
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