Fertility is not the same as fertility. In agricultural terms, soil fertility refers to the soil's ability to supply essential nutrients and maintain favorable conditions for plant growth. It encompasses a range of factors such as nutrients (both inorganic and organic, including trace elements), moisture, air (oxygen availability), temperature, and soil pH. These elements must be balanced and work together to support healthy grape development. The coordination of soil structure, water retention, gas exchange, heat regulation, and chemical properties is what defines soil fertility.
To enhance soil fertility, several effective methods can be applied:
1. **Deep Soil Turning**: This method helps improve soil structure and increase organic matter. Deep plowing promotes better root penetration and nutrient absorption. There are different approaches:
- **Full Park Deep Turning**: Ideal for mature vineyards during the fruiting season. Spring plowing deepens the soil layer and buries weed seeds, pests, and pathogens, reducing their impact. This process enhances soil aeration and structure.
- **Row-by-Row Deep Turning**: Suitable for wide-row vineyards and young plants. Trenches are dug 40–50 cm away from the base of the plant, with depths varying between 30–60 cm depending on whether it's a young or mature vine. Organic materials like straw, green manure, and compost are placed at the bottom of the trench, mixed with topsoil to improve deep soil structure and long-term fertility.
- **Root Deepening**: Used in dry or hilly areas. The soil is loosened around the base of the plant, gradually deepening the root zone. This encourages deeper root growth over time, improving water and nutrient uptake.
2. **Cover Crops**: Planting grass or other cover crops under the vines helps improve soil structure, retain moisture, and suppress weeds. It also reduces the need for tilling and adds organic matter to the soil. Cover crops should be maintained at a thickness of 15–20 cm, with more coverage in the first year and less in subsequent years. The timing of application varies: early spring for drought and wind protection, after flowering to reduce sun exposure, and before the rainy season to prevent soil erosion and disease spread.
3. **Intercropping and Cultivation**: Intercropping involves planting compatible crops between vine rows, such as legumes like peanuts or soybeans that do not compete with grapes for water or nutrients. These crops also help fix nitrogen in the soil. Regular cultivation, typically 5–6 times a year, keeps the soil loose and free of weeds. Early spring cultivation warms the soil, while summer cultivation encourages deeper root growth by cutting surface roots.
By implementing these practices, growers can maintain and enhance soil fertility, leading to healthier grapevines and better yields.
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