Soybeans can be categorized into three types based on their growing period: early-maturing, mid-maturing, and late-maturing. Each type has different cultivation methods and requirements. Early and mid-maturing varieties are typically grown using seedling transplanting, while late-maturing ones are usually sown directly in the field. Proper soil preparation is essential, with the width of the planting area depending on local conditions. Well-drained soil with a low water table allows for wider beds, while narrower beds require additional drainage ditches to ensure both irrigation and drainage.
Before planting, seeds must be carefully selected to remove any impurities, damaged seeds, or foreign materials. The recommended seeding rate is between 5.0 and 7.5 kg per 667 square meters. After transplanting, the seedlings should be leveled and compacted. Seeds can be sown on stubble or directly in the pods, with each hole containing 3 to 4 seeds. A layer of fine mud should cover the seeds, followed by mulching for insulation. The best time to sow depends on the method: from early March to late March for early planting, and from late March to early April if using mulch film. For open-field cultivation, the ideal sowing period is from early April to late June.
When the seedlings emerge, the mulch film should be removed promptly, and the leaves should be planted once the heart appears. Before planting, sufficient water should be applied to make it easier to transplant with more soil, which helps the plants establish quickly. During planting, water should be provided at the same time, and watering should continue daily until the plants are well established.
For direct seeding, both hole sowing and broadcasting methods are used, depending on the variety. Hole sowing for early-maturing types involves a row spacing of 20 cm and a hole spacing of 15 cm, with 3 to 5 seeds per hole. For drilling, the spacing is 30–33 cm between rows and 6–8 cm between holes. Mid-maturing varieties require a row spacing of 30–33 cm and a hole spacing of 15–20 cm, with 3 to 5 seeds per hole. Drilling for these types is done with a spacing of 33–36 cm and plant spacing of 8–10 cm. Late-maturing varieties have a row spacing of about 33 cm, hole spacing of 20–25 cm, and 3–5 seeds per hole, with a drilling spacing of 40 cm and plant spacing of 10–12 cm.
For early maturing varieties, the nursery method is commonly used, with transplanting taking place around mid-April. Seedlings should be planted in an orderly manner to promote better survival. Field management after planting should focus on ensuring uniform growth, removing weak or overcrowded seedlings to maintain healthy stands.
Throughout the growing season, regular weeding (2–3 times) and soil loosening are necessary. When the seedlings reach about 30 cm in height, the soil should be gently worked to encourage root development. Early-maturing varieties may benefit from one or two applications of manure water or a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer before flowering, depending on soil fertility. However, mid- and late-maturing varieties should avoid excessive nitrogen. All types, regardless of maturity, should receive foliar sprays of 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate during flowering to improve pod filling and increase yield.
Under normal conditions, irrigation is not required, but during periods of high temperature and drought in summer, 1–2 irrigations may be necessary. Common pests affecting green soybeans include aphids, spider mites, bean beetles, and caterpillars, so monitoring and control measures are important.
Harvesting times vary depending on the variety and planting date. Soybeans are ready for harvest when the grains are full and the pods are bright green. Harvesting too early or too late can affect both yield and quality. In Shanghai, early-maturing varieties are harvested by late May, mid-maturing varieties in mid-to-late June, and late-maturing varieties in early September, up to late October. The yield ranges from 500 to 800 kg per 667 square meters.
For seed selection, plants should be marked based on flowering and pod formation. Once mature, the pods should be collected and used as seeds for the next planting season. The seeds must be fully matured before harvesting, and it's best to collect them early in the morning to prevent cracking. After picking, the plants should be piled for 3–5 days, then threshed and stored for 2–3 days. The seed yield is approximately 50–70 kg per 667 square meters. Seeds have a one-year shelf life, so it’s important to save seeds every year for future planting.
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