Many ewes experience estrus, mating, and lambing during the cold seasons of autumn, winter, and spring when green feed is scarce. If feeding and management are inadequate, it can lead to miscarriages in ewes.
Pregnant sheep may show various signs before an abortion occurs. In sudden cases, there may be no obvious premonitory symptoms. However, in gradual cases, ewes might appear lethargic, lose their appetite, show abdominal discomfort, restlessness, or have a discharge of amniotic fluid. If the cause is contagious, multiple ewes in the same group may abort consecutively until all affected individuals have done so. In traumatic cases, the fetus may not be expelled but instead dissolve internally or become stillborn. Depending on the severity of the trauma, the placenta may hemorrhage or shed, and the remains may be expelled after hours or days.
The causes of ewe abortion include infectious diseases such as Chlamydia and Brucellosis. Chlamydia often leads to abortions in young ewes between February and April, with little warning. Brucellosis typically causes abortions in 3–4 month pregnant ewes, with high initial abortion rates that decrease over time as immunity develops. Other causes include fetal malformations, placental inflammation, or maternal health issues like liver, kidney, lung, or neurological diseases.
Nutritional deficiencies also play a major role. During winter, the lack of green forage and other nutrients can lead to poor nutrition, causing fetal developmental issues and spontaneous abortions. Improper feeding practices—such as feeding moldy fodder, providing icy water, sudden climate changes, overcrowding, or improper handling—can also trigger miscarriages. Additionally, incorrect use of medications like strong laxatives or uterine stimulants can result in pregnancy loss.
Prevention is key. Vaccination against Chlamydia using an oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine (3 ml subcutaneously) before or within one month of pregnancy is effective. For Brucellosis, vaccines like Brucella suis 2 or Brucella melitensis 5 can be administered through drinking water or aerosol sprays. These vaccines help reduce the risk of infection and subsequent abortions.
If metritis occurs, treatment involves cleaning the uterus with antiseptic solutions and administering antibiotics. Supportive care, including calcium supplements and improved feeding, is essential for recovery.
Proper feeding and management are crucial. During winter and spring, supplement the diet with carrots, grass powder, and selenium-rich concentrates. Avoid overfeeding to prevent obesity, which can harm the fetus. Ensure clean feed and water, and maintain hygiene in barns and pastures. Isolate sick animals and avoid mixing males and females during late pregnancy. Prevent stress by avoiding sudden movements or loud noises during grazing. Keep the housing environment warm, dry, and well-ventilated.
For ewes showing early signs of abortion, administer a compound progesterone injection (15–25 mg intramuscularly daily for two days). If the fetus is still inside, pituitrin can be used to induce expulsion. Timely intervention can help save the ewe and improve her chances of future pregnancies.
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