Soybeans can be categorized into three types based on their growing period: early-maturing, medium-maturing, and late-maturing varieties. Each type has specific cultivation methods that influence planting and harvesting practices.
For early-maturing and seedling types, transplanting is the most common method, while medium and late-maturing varieties are typically sown directly in the field. When preparing the soil, the width of the beds should be adjusted according to local conditions—wider beds are suitable for well-drained areas with low groundwater levels, while narrower beds are used in other cases. Drainage ditches must always be present, and in longer fields, additional ditches should be added to ensure effective drainage and irrigation.
Before planting, seeds must be carefully selected to remove any damaged or mixed seeds. The recommended seeding rate is between 5.0 and 7.5 kg per 667 square meters. After transplanting, the seedlings should be leveled and compacted. Seeds are usually sown on stubble or directly in the pods, with 3–4 seeds per hole, covered with fine mud and mulch for insulation. The optimal sowing time is from early March to late April. If using mulch film, sowing should occur from late March to early April, while open-field planting is best done from early April to late June.
When the seedlings emerge, the mulch film should be removed promptly, and leaves should be planted once the heart appears. Before transplanting, sufficient water should be applied to help retain more soil around the roots, which improves survival rates. During planting, water should be provided immediately, and daily watering should continue until the plants are established.
For direct sowing, both hole sowing and broadcasting methods are used, depending on the variety. Early-maturing types require a row spacing of 20 cm and a hole spacing of 15 cm, with 3–5 seeds per hole. For drilling, the spacing is 30–33 cm between rows and 6–8 cm between plants. Medium-maturing varieties need a row spacing of 30–33 cm and a point spacing of 15–20 cm, with 3–5 seeds per hole. Drilling spacing is 33–36 cm, with plant spacing of 8–10 cm. Late-maturing varieties are sown with a row spacing of about 33 cm and a hole spacing of 20–25 cm, with 3–5 seeds per hole. Drilling spacing is 40 cm, with plant spacing of 10–12 cm.
For early maturing varieties, the nursery method is commonly used, with transplantation taking place in mid-April. Seedlings should be planted in an orderly manner to ensure better survival. After planting, the field should be regularly managed to avoid overcrowding and ensure uniform growth. Any weak or stunted seedlings should be replaced promptly.
Throughout the growing season, the soil should be loosened and weeded 2–3 times. When the seedlings reach about 30 cm in height, the soil should be combined with the roots to promote stronger root development. Early-maturing varieties may benefit from one or two applications of manure water or a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer before flowering, depending on soil fertility. However, medium and late-maturing varieties should avoid excessive nitrogen. Regardless of the variety, a spray of 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is recommended before and during flowering to improve pod filling and increase yield.
Under normal conditions, irrigation is not necessary. However, if there is a prolonged period of high temperature and drought in summer, one or two irrigations may be required. Common pests affecting green soybeans include aphids, spider mites, bean caterpillars, and pod borers. Regular monitoring and timely control measures are essential.
Harvesting times vary depending on the variety and planting date. Soybeans should be harvested when the grains are full and the pods are bright green. Harvesting too early or too late can reduce both yield and quality. In Shanghai, early-maturing varieties (also known as early-early soybeans) are typically harvested at the end of May, medium-maturing varieties (medium soybeans) in mid-to-late June, and late-maturing varieties (late soybeans) in early September, with some extending to late October. The yield ranges from 500 to 800 kg per 667 square meters.
For seed selection, it is important to choose healthy plants that show good flowering and pod formation. Marking these plants helps in identifying the best candidates for seed retention. Once matured, the soybeans should be harvested early in the morning to prevent cracking. After collection, they should be piled for 3–5 days, then threshed and stored for 2–3 days. The seed yield is approximately 50–70 kg per 667 square meters. Seeds have a shelf life of one year, so it's important to save seeds each year for future planting.
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