Cherries are typically ready for market at the end of spring and early summer, making them one of the earliest fruit trees to mature in the Yangtze River Valley and the Huaibei region. With a relatively short growth period—only 40 to 60 days from flowering to harvest—cherry cultivation is less labor-intensive and cost-effective compared to other fruit crops. The fruits are vibrant in color, delicious in taste, and rich in iron, making them popular for both fresh consumption and various processed products such as jams, canned cherries, candied fruits, and juices.
Sweet cherries, in particular, are prized for their large size, thick flesh, and high firmness, which make them ideal for processing. They have a strong demand in both domestic and international markets, with high selling prices. However, the current planting area in China remains limited, offering significant development potential, especially in the Huaibei region. Dwarf cherry varieties and Chinese cherries, which are smaller in size and have longer lifespans, are also well-suited for garden and greenhouse cultivation.
The main species of cherries belong to the genus *Prunus* in the family Rosaceae. Common types include Chinese cherries, European sweet cherries (often referred to as "sweet cherries"), and European sour cherries ("sour cherries"). Among the fine varieties of Chinese cherries are the golden red cherry from Taihe in Anhui, the sweet cherry from Dazuzui in Shandong, and the red cherry from Tengxian in Shandong, among Others. Sweet cherry varieties include Daizi, Red Cherry, Renyi, Satojin, Naon, and others, while sour cherries are mainly used for processing due to their tart flavor and resistance to pests and cold weather.
Cherry root systems require well-drained soil, and poor soil conditions can lead to shallow root distribution and premature aging of the tree. Chinese cherries tend to grow as small trees or shrubs, while sweet cherries are tall and vigorous. Sour cherries are usually shrubs or small trees. Chinese cherries have higher germination rates and more cryptic buds, which aid in branch renewal. Branching strength varies by variety, with Chinese cherries generally having stronger branching than sweet cherries, though this weakens with age.
Flower buds on long fruiting branches are typically found at the base and lower parts of the shoots, and they rarely form double buds. This leads to bald spots after flowering. Short fruiting branches and bouquet-like branches are strong, long-lasting, and capable of producing fruit for many years. Most Chinese cherry varieties can self-pollinate, while most sweet cherry varieties require cross-pollination. Recent introductions like Stanley and Rabins show better self-fertility and crack resistance.
Cherry fruits develop quickly, with two growth phases: a fast initial phase and a slower, hardening core phase. Fruits can be soft or firm, with firmer varieties being more suitable for storage and transport. Cultivation techniques vary by species. Chinese cherries are often propagated through cuttings, with high survival rates, while sweet cherries require grafting onto compatible rootstocks like grass cherries or dwarfing stocks such as Corte.
Planting locations should consider climate and soil conditions. Sweet cherries struggle in humid southern regions, where they may suffer from excessive leaf growth and poor fruit set. Good drainage and protection from frost are essential. Pollination trees are crucial for sweet cherries, and proper spacing and pruning help optimize yield and tree health.
Soil management, fertilization, and irrigation are vital for healthy growth. Adequate water during critical periods prevents fruit drop, while proper pruning encourages early fruiting and maintains tree structure. Disease and pest control measures, similar to those used for other stone fruits, are necessary to protect against issues like root rot and insect infestations.
Harvesting timing is important for quality, and post-harvest handling, including temperature control and storage methods, helps maintain freshness. Processing methods like jam-making involve removing cores, softening the fruit, and adding sugar to create a rich, flavorful product.
Overall, cherries offer a unique combination of flavor, versatility, and economic value, making them a promising crop for both small-scale growers and commercial producers. With proper care and techniques, cherry cultivation can be both rewarding and profitable.
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