Wheat production starts with soil preparation and sowing, which is the most critical stage in the entire growing process. This phase directly affects the final yield and quality of wheat. It includes eight essential aspects that need careful attention.
First, selecting the right variety is crucial. Choosing varieties that are well-suited to local conditions ensures better performance and higher yields. Farmers should understand each variety's characteristics, avoid weak traits, and focus on high-quality options. In our province, varieties like Jiyi 5265, Guan 35, Shixin 733, Shimai 15, Shixin 828, and Buckwheat 6172 have shown excellent results. For example, Jiyi 5265 has high yield, strong drought resistance, and efficient fertilizer absorption, making it ideal for central and southern Fujian. Guan 35 is also widely used due to its stability, drought tolerance, and adaptability.
It’s important to note that no variety is perfect forever. Breeding efforts continuously improve them, so it’s recommended to replace old varieties every 3-5 years. Also, each variety has specific regional adaptability, so farmers must ensure they are suitable for local conditions. Finally, since wheat is self-pollinated, seed retention requires careful purification to maintain quality and germination rates.
Next, preparing the field by returning corn stalks enriches the soil with nutrients equivalent to about 10 kg of urea, 7.5 kg of superphosphate, and 7.5 kg of potassium chloride. Long-term straw incorporation improves soil structure and fertility. However, the straw must be finely chopped (under 3 cm) and evenly spread. Two passes of crushing are usually needed, with a depth of 2-3 cm to break roots. Soil rotation should be at least 15 cm deep. Poorly prepared fields can lead to uneven seedling emergence, reduced growth, and lower yields.
Seed treatment with insecticides and fungicides helps prevent early pests and diseases. Many farmers overlook the importance of fungicides, which is a mistake. A common mix includes 50 ml of Fipronil, 10 ml of Trifloxystrobin, and 25 ml of Fenitrothion per 10 kg of seeds. Proper treatment reduces disease risks later in the season.
Determining the right sowing date is vital. Early sowing can cause excessive growth before winter, increasing disease risk and reducing cold resistance. Late sowing leads to weaker seedlings and potential lodging. The optimal sowing window in Shijiazhuang is between October 5th and 12th, adjusted based on local climate trends.
Sowing rate should be carefully calculated based on variety, soil fertility, and planting date. Over-sowing leads to crowded seedlings and poor growth. A typical rate is 10-13 kg per mu, depending on germination and seed quality.
Wheat sowing style, such as narrow rows, improves light use and water efficiency. Some areas still use outdated patterns that reduce productivity and increase losses. Modern techniques help maximize yield.
Sowing depth and uniformity are key. The ideal depth is 3-5 cm, preferably 4 cm. Too shallow or too deep sowing can harm seedlings and increase disease risk. Uniform distribution of seeds and consistent depth across rows ensure even growth.
Finally, post-sowing rolling is essential for moisture retention and frost protection. Fields not properly rolled often suffer from dryness and poor growth. Rolling helps consolidate the soil, especially in areas with uneven planting or over-sowing.
By following these steps, farmers can significantly improve their wheat yields and ensure long-term sustainability. Each step, though seemingly simple, plays a critical role in the success of the crop.
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