The loquat tree is a subtropical evergreen species, known for its relatively strong cold tolerance compared to citrus trees. It thrives in regions where the average annual temperature remains above 12–15°C, and winter temperatures do not drop below -6°C. The tree prefers areas with an annual rainfall of over 1000 mm, making it suitable for cultivation in humid climates. Loquat trees produce four distinct flushes of new growth each year: spring (February–April), summer (May–June), autumn (August–September), and winter (November–December). Among these, the spring, summer, and autumn flushes are the most significant for fruit production.
Root activity plays a crucial role in shoot development. The root system significantly influences the timing and quality of shoot growth, often resulting in shoots emerging about two weeks earlier than branch shoots. This early growth is essential for the formation of fruit-bearing branches and future shoot development.
When it comes to fertilizing young loquat trees, the principle of "thin but frequent" application is recommended. After planting and once the seedlings have established, the first fertilizer application should be made. A total of 20 kg of bio-organic fertilizer is applied per plant. Fertilization should occur once a month until October, ensuring steady and healthy growth. In the second year, the tree should be fertilized at specific intervals—such as the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth months—with 40 kg of fertilizer per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares) each time.
For mature orchards, three main fertilization periods are typically followed. The first, known as the spring fertilizer, is applied around mid-February. Its primary purpose is to stimulate the growth of spring shoots and increase fruit yield. These spring shoots serve as the foundation for the summer and autumn shoots and become the fruiting branches for the current season. A mix of 50 kg of Mushi biological organic fertilizer, 10 kg of urea, 5 kg of superphosphate, and 15 kg of potassium sulfate is commonly used.
The second application, the summer shoot fertilizer, takes place after the harvest of early varieties, usually between mid-May and early June. This stage focuses on promoting the growth of summer shoots and encouraging flower bud differentiation from July to August. Summer shoots are numerous and well-structured, and their proper development is critical for maintaining high yields year after year. As a result, this application requires a larger amount of fertilizer—typically 200 kg of Mushi organic fertilizer, along with 50 kg of urea and 20 kg of superphosphate.
The third application, known as the autumn or pre-flowering fertilizer, is carried out in early September to October, just before flowering. Its goal is to support good flowering, improve fruit set, and enhance the tree's ability to survive the winter. A typical dose includes 80 kg of Mushi biological organic fertilizer.
Soil permeability is important for loquat trees, as their root systems are not as robust as those of other fruit trees. However, the roots have strong regenerative capacity. Therefore, when applying fertilizer, care must be taken to avoid nutrient loss and ensure that the roots can absorb the nutrients efficiently. Common methods include hole application or furrow application. For hole application, 3–4 holes are dug around the tree, approximately 1.5 meters from the trunk, and 60–80 cm deep. Liquid fertilizer is then poured into the holes, covered with soil, and watered to allow slow absorption into the ground. Alternatively, an annular or radial groove method may also be used.
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