Cows rely heavily on microbial fermentation in the rumen to digest their feed, and these microbes require a stable and balanced environment to function properly. Feeding practices that disrupt this balance—such as feeding quail or other inappropriate feeds—can negatively impact ruminal health and digestion. To ensure optimal digestion and overall well-being, it's best to use a variety of feeding methods, ensuring that each type of feed is given in appropriate amounts.
Here are some specific guidelines for daily feeding:
1. Silage should be provided at 20–25 kg per day, ideally combined with high-quality hay or green grass for better nutrient absorption.
2. Cows should receive no less than 4 kg of hay annually. In regions where hay is scarce, it's important to harvest and dry grass during the growing season to maintain supply.
3. Root vegetables like carrots and pumpkins should be avoided due to their high moisture content. If fed, limit them to 3–5 kg per cow per day.
4. Fresh grass intake should not exceed 12 kg per cow per day to prevent digestive issues.
5. Rapeseed cake and cottonseed meal should make up no more than 10% of the total feed to avoid overloading the system.
6. By-products such as brewer’s grains, corn residue, soybean residue, and apple pomace can be fed at around 10 kg per cow per day.
7. Concentrate feed should be given at a rate of 1 kg for every 2.5–3 kg of milk produced. The more milk a cow produces, the more concentrate it needs, but the daily amount should never exceed 12 kg. When large quantities of concentrate are used, it's advisable to increase the number of feedings throughout the day to help maintain a stable rumen pH and reduce the risk of acidosis.
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