Broiler production involves careful selection of breeds, proper preparation of the brooding environment, and effective management practices to ensure healthy growth and high productivity. Currently, the most commonly used broiler breeds are the American AA and Beijing Rose 308. These breeds are known for their fast growth rate, strong disease resistance, and efficient feed conversion ratios. For example, at 32 days old, they can gain an average of 87.62 grams per day, with a feed-to-meat ratio ranging from 1.53:1 to 1.82:1. By day 54, they typically gain around 70 grams.
Before starting the brooding process, it is essential to thoroughly clean and disinfect the poultry house. This includes removing all manure, washing the area, and allowing it to dry completely. Disinfection methods such as fumigation with potassium permanganate or formaldehyde for 24–48 hours, or using 3% caustic soda, are effective in eliminating pathogens. Before introducing chicks, the temperature should be checked and maintained at around 40°C for the first three days, followed by a second round of disinfection.
When selecting day-old chicks, it is crucial to choose those from reputable hatcheries with good management and quality egg sources. Healthy chicks should have well-contracted bellies, uniform weight, clean cloacas, properly absorbed umbilical cords, and no physical deformities. They should also feel warm, full, and active when held.
Proper hydration is vital for young chicks. After transport, they should rest for 3–4 hours before being given water with added antibiotics or nutrients. Water should be fresh, warm (around 35°C), and provided through clean drinkers. It's important to monitor water levels and maintain cleanliness to prevent dehydration, which can occur rapidly if water loss exceeds 15%.
Feeding should begin within 20–30 hours after hatching. Starter feed should be provided in small, frequent meals to encourage early eating and support organ development. The feeding tray should be changed as the chicks grow, and feed quality should be carefully managed to avoid health issues.
Temperature control is critical during brooding. Chicks are highly sensitive to temperature changes, especially in the first week. A gradual decrease in temperature over time is recommended, along with attention to environmental conditions such as humidity, lighting, and ventilation. Proper humidity levels (60–65% in the first 10 days) help prevent respiratory issues and support feather development.
Lighting plays a role in managing chick behavior and reducing stress. Light schedules should be adjusted to promote natural activity patterns and reduce the risk of sudden death syndrome. Stocking density should also be considered, with guidelines suggesting 35 birds per square meter in the first week, gradually decreasing as the chicks grow.
Ventilation is essential to remove harmful gases like ammonia and carbon dioxide, which can cause respiratory problems. Fans or wind buckets are commonly used to maintain air quality. Disease prevention involves regular disinfection of water and facilities, proper vaccination programs, and careful monitoring of chick health.
Common causes of chick mortality include poor hatchability due to bacterial contamination, infectious diseases transmitted vertically or horizontally, nutritional deficiencies, and improper management practices. To mitigate these risks, it is important to source chicks from reliable hatcheries, implement strict biosecurity measures, and follow a comprehensive health and nutrition plan.
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