Broiler chickens are primarily of two breeds: the American AA and the Beijing Rose 308. Both breeds are known for their rapid growth, strong disease resistance, and efficient feed conversion ratios. At 32 days old, they can gain an average of 87.62 grams per day, with a feed-to-meat ratio ranging from 1.53:1 to 1.82:1. By day 54, the weight gain reaches about 70 grams.
Before brooding, it is essential to prepare the chicken house thoroughly. First, remove all manure, clean the area, and rinse it after the previous batch of chickens has been slaughtered. Dry the house as quickly as possible. Then, disinfect the space using potassium permanganate or formaldehyde fumigation for 24–48 hours, or apply a 3% caustic soda solution. Before introducing the chicks, check the temperature and maintain it around 40°C for the first three days, followed by a second round of disinfection. Other preparations include having antibiotics, vitamins, and other necessary supplies ready.
When selecting healthy chicks, look for the following five criteria: a hatchery with good management and high-quality eggs, a well-contracted abdomen without bloating, uniform weight, moderate feather length, clean cloaca without loose stools, well-absorbed umbilical cords, and no deformities in legs, eyes, or beaks. Chicks should feel warm, full, and flexible when held, and show strong vitality and clear vocalizations.
Proper water management is crucial for young chicks. After transport, allow them to rest for 3–4 hours before offering water mixed with antibiotics and nutrients. Provide warm, fresh boiled water at around 35°C, and ensure that drinkers are cleaned daily. Dehydration can occur rapidly if water loss exceeds 15%, so timely hydration is essential, especially after long-distance transport.
During the first week, provide warm water, and switch to cold water after that. Disinfect the water once a week to prevent contamination. Feeding practices should begin within 20–30 hours of hatching, using starter feed in small, frequent portions. Wet feeding can be used during the first three days to aid digestion, but must be done carefully to avoid spoilage.
Maintaining the right temperature is vital. The ideal temperature decreases gradually over time, with higher temperatures recommended for weaker chicks, at night, and on rainy days. Monitor chick behavior to assess comfort—active, well-fed, and evenly distributed chicks indicate proper conditions. Overheating causes panting and reduced appetite, while underheating leads to huddling and sluggishness.
Humidity should be maintained between 60–65% for the first 10 days and 50–60% thereafter. Excessive humidity can lead to respiratory issues and mold growth, while too low humidity can cause dehydration and dust-related infections. Adjust ventilation and misting accordingly to maintain optimal conditions.
Lighting plays a role in chick development. A lighting schedule that reduces stress and promotes even growth is important. Ensure adequate space per chick based on age and housing type to prevent overcrowding and health issues. Proper ventilation is also essential to remove harmful gases like ammonia and carbon dioxide, which can damage respiratory systems.
Disease prevention includes regular disinfection of water and the environment, along with a structured medication and vaccination plan. Vaccinate against common diseases such as Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease. Monitor antibody levels and adjust immunization schedules accordingly. Timely treatment and strict hygiene measures are key to preventing outbreaks.
Chick mortality can result from poor egg quality, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or improper management. To reduce losses, select high-quality chicks, implement strict biosecurity protocols, and ensure proper nutrition and environmental control throughout the brooding period.
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