Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as lion's mane mushroom, has seen the development of artificial cutting cultivation in various regions to varying degrees. However, a major issue remains: although the overall production meets quality standards, the proportion of high-grade products is relatively low, which reduces the commodity value and negatively impacts the economic returns for growers. To improve the quality and marketability of Hericium erinaceus, several key factors must be carefully managed.
First, understanding the biological characteristics of the species is crucial. The genus prefers cooler temperatures, with mycelial growth occurring best between 10°C and 33°C, ideally around 25°C to 28°C. Fruiting body development thrives between 12°C and 24°C, with an optimal range of 16°C to 20°C. Growth slows when temperatures exceed 25°C, and fruiting bodies may turn red if below 12°C. Based on these conditions, the ideal cultivation season aligns with natural temperature cycles. In autumn (late September), it is best to inoculate, followed by one or two harvests before snowfall (late November). A third batch can be harvested in early spring (January), using warmed-up cultures to ensure healthy growth by April.
Second, selecting and preparing the right substrate is essential. The raw materials should be clean, free from contamination, and without toxic substances. Additives should not exceed 5%. A balanced formula includes 4% wood chips, 40% cottonseed hulls, 18% wheat bran, 1% sucrose, and 1% gypsum. Another option uses 82% cottonseed hulls, 15% wheat bran, 2% gypsum, and 1% phosphate fertilizer. A third mix combines 38% cottonseed hulls, 20% mixed wood chips, 20% Tremella fuciformis, 16% wheat bran, 3% corn flour, 1% phosphate fertilizer, and 2% gypsum. Moisture content should be around 60%, and pH should be adjusted to 6 before sterilization. Cultivation bags vary in size depending on the season—smaller ones for spring (12.3 cm x 52 cm) and larger ones for autumn (13.5 cm x 56 cm).
Third, optimizing the culture medium and cultivating strong mother mushrooms is important. Typically, three to four inoculation points are used to prevent contamination. Strict aseptic procedures are required, including reducing bag temperature to 28°C before inoculation, pre-treating the mycelium, and choosing sunny evenings or early mornings for the process. After inoculation, the mycelium takes about 20–25 days to fully colonize the bag. Temperature management is critical during this time, starting at 26°C–28°C for the first few days, then gradually lowering to 25°C, and finally maintaining 20°C–23°C for active growth.
Fourth, field bagging and inducing fruiting is another vital step. Once the mycelium is mature, the bags are moved to the field, where the surface is removed to trigger fruiting. Three common methods exist: multi-layered three-dimensional setups, single-layer horizontal placements, and shiitake-like leaning techniques. Each has its advantages and drawbacks. While the first method maximizes space, it may lead to dryness and malformed mushrooms. The latter two promote better bristle formation but require careful monitoring to avoid moisture-related issues.
Fifth, controlling the ecological environment during fruiting is essential for high-quality yield. Maintaining the ideal temperature (16°C–20°C) prevents malformation. Proper ventilation ensures adequate oxygen and prevents carbon dioxide buildup, which can cause deformed mushrooms. Humidity must be carefully managed, aiming for 85%–90% relative humidity, with regular misting and proper airflow. Light exposure should be moderate, around 300–600 Lux, to support healthy growth.
Finally, timely harvesting and proper post-harvest management significantly impact product quality. Harvesting occurs 10–12 days after bud formation, depending on conditions. For culinary use, harvesting when the spores have not yet been released ensures a better flavor. Medicinal varieties can be harvested later. Multiple harvests are possible, with the first two batches accounting for the majority of the total yield. After each harvest, the bags should be rested, ventilated, and reconditioned to encourage regrowth.
Overall, successful Hericium erinaceus cultivation requires attention to detail, from strain selection to environmental control. With proper techniques, producers can achieve higher yields and premium quality, enhancing both market value and profitability.
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