The management of deer production is significantly enhanced by dividing the annual cycle into distinct periods based on the physiological and behavioral changes of male deer. This approach allows for more precise feeding and care strategies, ultimately boosting productivity and health. For sika deer, the year is typically divided into four key stages: the early velvet period (late January to mid-March), the full velvet period (late March to mid-August), the breeding season (mid-August to November 15), and the post-breeding recovery period (November 15 to mid-January of the following year). In contrast, red deer have slightly different timing: the early velvet period begins in mid-January and ends in mid-February, followed by the full velvet period from late February to early August, then the breeding season from mid-August to early November, and the recovery phase from mid-November to early January.
These timelines may vary depending on factors such as species, geographic location, climate, deer quality, and feeding practices. If conditions are favorable, certain phases may occur earlier or later than expected. Therefore, it's essential for farmers to monitor their herds closely and adjust management practices accordingly.
In terms of diet, concentrate feed tends to be similar across regions, often consisting of corn, soybeans, and bran. The quantity of concentrate remains relatively consistent throughout the year, while roughage is tailored to local availability and quality. During the breeding season, additional vitamin-rich feeds like carrots should be included to support reproductive health.
During the velvet growth phase, male deer require a high-nutrient diet to support antler development. Sika deer, for example, can grow up to 30 grams of fresh antler weight per day, while red deer may see growth rates of around 55 grams daily. To meet these demands, protein levels in the diet should be increased—typically to 23% for first and second saws, and 21% for third saws. Minerals and vitamins must also be adequately provided to ensure optimal growth.
Before the velvet period begins, the amount of concentrate should be gradually increased to prepare the deer for the intense growth phase. For sika deer, this usually starts in late February, while for red deer, it begins in early January. The feed should be increased by about 0.1 kg every three to seven days, depending on the individual’s condition. After the velvet is harvested, the concentrate should be reduced to half or a third of the original amount to reduce aggression among males during the breeding season.
Water intake is crucial during the hot summer months. Sika deer should have access to 7–9 kg of water daily, while red deer may need up to 15–20 kg. Maintaining clean, cool water sources helps prevent heat stress.
Monitoring the deer for signs of discomfort, such as delayed velvet shedding or aggressive behavior, is also important. Any abnormal individuals should be isolated immediately to avoid injury. Additionally, the environment should be kept quiet and free of sharp objects that could damage the velvet.
During the breeding season, male deer become more active, aggressive, and less willing to eat. This makes it critical to provide high-quality feed and maintain stable group dynamics. Deer should be grouped by species, age, and health status, with special attention given to older or weaker animals. Feeding should focus on palatable, nutrient-dense options like whole plant corn, fresh branches, and root vegetables to increase intake.
It’s also important to minimize disturbances and maintain a calm environment. Mating areas should be kept clean and free of debris. During this time, any male that shows poor breeding performance should be replaced promptly to avoid conflicts.
The overwintering period, which includes the post-breeding recovery and early velvet growth phases, requires careful attention. Deer need extra energy and nutrients to recover from the breeding season and prepare for the next antler growth cycle. Feed should be adjusted to include more protein and vitamins, and feeding frequency should increase to two times during the day and once at night. Warm feed is recommended at night to help maintain body temperature.
Adequate water supply is vital, and warm water should be provided regularly. Exercise should be encouraged through short, controlled sessions in the morning and afternoon to promote circulation and muscle tone. The living area must remain dry, clean, and free of snow to prevent illness.
Finally, monitoring for diseases such as necrobiotic disease is essential during the winter months. Early detection and treatment can prevent serious losses. By maintaining strict management practices, farmers can ensure the health and productivity of their deer herd throughout the year.
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