Peas should not be planted continuously in the same field. White peas are more susceptible to the negative effects of continuous cropping compared to purple peas. In various agricultural systems, semi-leafless pea varieties, as well as some dwarf, early-maturing, and temperature/light-insensitive types, are frequently used in crop rotation, intercropping, mixed planting, or even monocultures. Peas grow slowly and do not cover the ground quickly, so they require minimal weed competition. It is advisable to plant medium-tillage crops before peas. In autumn-sowing regions, peas are often used as a pre-crop or post-crop for rice, corn, and sweet potatoes. In spring-sowing areas, peas are commonly intercropped with corn, cotton, sorghum, eggplant, and melons, or planted along field edges. They can also serve as a preceding crop for millet, corn, sweet potato, and potato, or be intercropped with barley, spring wheat, and oats. Using peas as a pre-crop for cereals not only boosts cereal yields but also enhances their protein content, improving seed quality. Additionally, peas help increase soil nitrogen levels and improve soil structure, making them an excellent choice for crop rotation. Their early maturity allows for more flexible labor scheduling during harvest, which aids in managing summer crop harvesting and planting.
Crop rotation practices have evolved over time, especially in China, where different models have been developed based on regional conditions.
1. **Southern Model**: In southern provinces like Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, where there are two or three rice harvests per year, peas are commonly grown during the winter season. With abundant water and heat resources, these areas have a high species index. Winter fallow periods typically last 4–5 months, with average temperatures between 9°C and 14°C—ideal for cold-season crops. Peas are one of the main winter crops, with dry pea yields often exceeding 1500 kg per hectare. A common rotation pattern includes:
- Year 1: Peas (or broad beans/green manure) – Early Rice – Late Rice
- Year 2: Wheat – Early Rice – Late Rice
- Year 3: Rape – Early Rice – Late Rice
2. **Northern Model**: In northern regions such as Qinghai, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, and the northeastern provinces, peas are often rotated with crops like corn, spring wheat, barley, rapeseed, and potatoes. Common rotation sequences include pea-corn-pea-rapeseed-spring wheat-pea-spring wheat-potato-pea-barley-corn, with dry pea yields often surpassing 2200 kg/ha. In Qinghai and Gansu, yields can exceed 3000 kg/ha.
**Intercropping and Mixed Cropping**: To make better use of light, water, and soil resources, peas are often intercropped or mixed with other crops. This helps suppress weeds, reduce pests, and increase total yield per unit area.
- **Mixed Cropping**: This traditional method is still practiced in areas like Henan, Qinghai, and Gansu, where peas are often mixed with spring wheat or barley. The growth periods of both crops should align, and dwarf varieties are preferred. A 3:7 ratio of peas to wheat is ideal, as too many peas may cause lodging. Although yields increase compared to growing them separately, this method is not suitable for mechanized harvesting.
- **Intercropping**: More efficient than mixed cropping, intercropping allows better land use and crop management. It helps balance light, temperature, and nutrient needs. In Xinjiang, Gansu, and Qinghai, peas are often intercropped with spring wheat or rapeseed. In eastern China, such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, "cotton-pea" intercropping was once common, and now new models like "early-late", "high-dwarf", and "legume-non-legume" rotations are being explored. Peas have become a key component in these modern agricultural systems.
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