Osmunda, scientifically known as "Osmunda", is commonly referred to as "large nest dishes," "wild peas," "broom dishes," and "pheasant head." It is a fern belonging to the Asteraceae family, a perennial herb that typically grows in the wild. The stems and leaves of Osmunda are edible and widely consumed for their nutritional value and unique taste. Per 100g of fresh stems and leaves, it contains 80g of water, 3.8g of protein, 0.5g of fat, 9g of carbohydrates, 270mg of calcium, and 70mg of phosphorus. It is known for its health benefits, including promoting blood circulation, aiding digestion, detoxifying the body, lowering blood pressure, and even offering potential anti-cancer properties. Not only can the stems and leaves be eaten fresh, but they can also be processed into dried Osmunda, which is exported to Japan and Southeast Asian countries. Internationally, it is recognized as "Chinese dried red cabbage," valued for both its food and commercial significance.
Osmunda is mainly found in humid mountainous slopes or gutters at altitudes between 500-1500 meters. To make the most of this natural resource and meet market demand while increasing income for people in mountainous areas, the author initiated an artificial single-cultivation experiment in 1996 to explore high-yield techniques. The experiment was successful, achieving high yields, good quality, and efficiency. Over 700kg of fresh stems can be harvested per 667m², with over 100kg of finished products produced. Net income per 667m² exceeds 5,000 yuan. This success challenged traditional theories, which previously suggested that Osmunda could only be interplanted with other crops or grown under shade. However, the author believes that Osmunda does not have strict light requirements and can be cultivated alone. After five years of experimentation, the author confirmed this theory and developed a set of high-yield cultivation techniques, summarized below.
**Preparation Stage Before Cultivation**
1. **Site Selection**: Choose a damp field with shaded slopes or semi-shady areas. The soil should be acidic, with a pH between 5.5 and 6.7. Sandy or loamy soils are suitable.
2. **Soil Preparation**: Deep plow the land to 30cm before planting. Ensure the soil is fine, loose, and free of weeds and stones. Create raised beds 120-150cm wide with 25-30cm trenches. Apply 2000-3000kg of organic fertilizer per 667m² as base fertilizer, then cover with 10-15cm of fine soil before planting.
**Transplanting Stage**
1. **Timely Excavation and Transplanting**: Wild Osmunda can be transplanted year-round, but the best time is late October to early December. Excavating too early may reduce nutrient accumulation, while doing so too late may risk freezing. Ensure seedlings are transplanted promptly to avoid exposure to sun and rain.
2. **Careful Digging and Planting**: Osmunda lacks true roots, relying on adventitious roots from rhizomes. Select strong, undamaged rhizomes and plant them 15-20cm apart, spaced 30-40cm apart. Plant them 10-12cm deep, ensuring the growth cone is covered with 5cm of fine soil. Water thoroughly after planting.
**Mid to Late Management Stage**
1. **Weeding and Soil Cultivation**: Control weeds throughout the growing season, weeding every 15-20 days. Cultivate to a depth of 5cm and apply 200-300kg of manure per 667m². After harvest, cultivate the soil to promote strong seedlings and early growth.
2. **Scientific Fertilization and Moisture Management**: Maintain moist soil, especially during spring and summer. In autumn and winter, reduce watering slightly but avoid drought. Apply 100-200kg of human excreta weekly during March-May, along with 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Every three years, apply farm fertilizer as base fertilizer to prevent aging.
3. **Timely Cutting and Garden Maintenance**: Cut stems and leaves about 1.6cm above the ground when they fall. Remove weeds and use them as organic matter to enrich the soil and provide insulation for winter.
4. **Pest Control**: Osmunda is generally resistant to pests, with few disease or insect problems. Most issues arise from environmental factors like moisture and fertilization imbalance.
**Harvesting Notes**
1. **Scientific Harvesting and Regeneration**: Do not harvest in the second year after transplanting. Harvest small amounts in the third year, entering the high-yield period. Harvest should be completed by May 5th, depending on local climate. Ensure each plant has 4-6 leaves for photosynthesis to maintain balance and support future growth.
2. **Timely Cutting and Quality Improvement**: When stems and leaves reach 10-15cm, cut them in the morning before new leaves curl. Use scissors to avoid damaging tender parts. Process the harvested material according to its intended use.
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