Rapeseed cake detoxification is a critical process in China, where the country leads the world in rapeseed production. Every year, the oil extraction process generates approximately 600 to 700 million tons of rapeseed meal, which serves as an excellent natural vegetable protein source. Its protein content and amino acid profile are comparable to that of soybean meal. However, the presence of toxic or anti-nutritional compounds such as glucosinolates, phytic acid, and tannins makes it unsuitable for direct use in animal feed. These substances can cause poisoning in monogastric animals and reduce feed palatability.
To address this issue, three main detoxification methods have been developed: physical, chemical, and biological. The physical method primarily focuses on inactivating the enzyme myrosinase. However, recent studies have shown that glucosinolates themselves are not non-toxic, and some microorganisms in the digestive system of animals can also produce enzymes that break down these compounds into harmful substances.
Chemical detoxification involves techniques like acid-base degradation, metal salt catalysis, and solvent leaching. Among these, the double-liquid extraction method is the most widely researched. It can achieve a detoxification rate of over 90%. Despite its effectiveness, the method suffers from high costs, significant dry matter loss, and environmental pollution, making it difficult to scale up for industrial use.
Biological detoxification includes enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. Enzyme-based methods involve adding glucosinolate-degrading enzymes and activators like vitamin C to speed up the breakdown of toxic compounds. While this approach can remove phytic acid and polyphenolic compounds, the availability of suitable enzymes is limited, and the process is complex and expensive, hindering large-scale application.
Microbial fermentation, on the other hand, uses microorganisms to directly degrade the toxins present in rapeseed meal. This method offers advantages such as mild processing conditions, simple procedures, and minimal dry matter loss. For example, using a commercial feed starter, you can mix corn flour, wheat bran, rice bran, and rapeseed cake powder in a ratio of 20:30:10:40. Add the starter at a rate of 1/1000 of the total weight, mix well, add water to achieve about 65% moisture, and ferment in sealed containers for two to three days. Once fermented, the product has a sweet aroma and is highly favored by pigs and chickens. Gradually replacing part of the full-price feed with this fermented meal can reduce feed costs significantly, with replacement rates reaching up to 40-50% of the total feed. This method not only improves feed efficiency but also provides an economical and sustainable solution for livestock farming.
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