The rapid peach seedling cultivation techniques that gained popularity in the 1980s still have some shortcomings, such as timing of budding, cutting anvil selection, and grafting height. Through further experimentation, we have developed four key technologies to improve peach tree grafting, achieving excellent results.
First, seedlings are planted and watered as early as December (before freezing). A plastic film is placed over them in February of the following year. The seedlings are then unearthed in mid-March, and micro-fertilizers and pesticides are sprayed on the leaves. When the seedling reaches a height of 25 cm, topping is done. According to field surveys, seedlings in the film-covered areas were unearthed 25 days earlier and properly watered before and after grafting. This advanced the growth period by 20–30 days, effectively increasing the growing season by about 50 days. Seedlings grew approximately 40 cm taller, ensuring better quality and earlier grafting of the rootstock.
Second, timely grafting is crucial. When the seedling reaches 20 cm in height, the graft should be performed as soon as possible, ideally in June. The bud should retain more than 10 leaves, and after the cut, it should be wrapped with a thin film. Then, the joint interface should be topped immediately so that the bud is at the top or just below the apical buds. This helps the bud heal faster, survive, sprout, and grow rapidly. After 7–10 days, the film is removed. If the bud has more than 10 leaves, all old leaves and sprouts from the rootstock should be removed to promote healthy bud growth. Otherwise, the bud may weaken due to limited leaf area, leading to plant death. In November 2003, we surveyed 500 grafted seedlings, comparing those grafted 30 days earlier with a control group. Results showed a 95% survival rate for the grafted group, compared to 84.5% in the control—representing a 10.5% increase in survival rate, 11.9% higher germination rate, and a 37.3% increase in seedling height.
Third, proper timing for autumn grafting is essential. In recent years, in western Henan, peach tree buds often develop dark brown exudates when covered with plastic, forming a hard shell that significantly reduces survival and germination the following year. To address this, we conducted 600 trials from late July to late August 2006. All trials used the same grafting method, location, and personnel. Results showed that grafting from late July to early August had only a 3.5% exudation rate, while mid-August was 30.4%, and late August reached 49.2%. This indicates that the best time for autumn grafting is between late July and early August, ensuring high survival rates and quality seedlings.
Fourth, using wooden buds in spring significantly improves graft survival. Compared to other grafting methods, wooden bud grafting has a higher survival rate, simpler technique, and greater efficiency, saving buds while producing good results. The optimal time for wooden bud grafting is from mid-March to early April. Grafting sites should be selected on extended branches, with 12–15 buds per plant. For 1–3-year-old trees, the branches are pruned or shortened, and a multi-headed wood connection is made at the apex. Ungrafted twigs are managed carefully: strong ones are kept, weak ones are removed, and fruiting is delayed. Once the buds reach 20 cm, they are marked, and original variety buds and shoots are gradually removed to inhibit growth until harvest. This creates ideal conditions for future high yields. By retaining 10 leaves on the rootstock and removing excess leaves when the bud has more than 10 leaves, the balance between underground and above-ground growth is effectively maintained.
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