In the three-factor experiment conducted in the 1950s, there were few potash fertilizers. At the end of the 1950s, rubber trees showed symptoms of potassium deficiency. After entering the mid-1960s, cement kiln ash was applied to rice and other crops on some soils with low potassium levels in South China, showing good results. After the early 1970s, there were more and more potash soils available. Now in the southern region, potash fertilizer has been deeply rooted in people's hearts and has been welcomed by farmers. At present, on certain soils and crops in North China, potash fertilizer has also shown good results. However, in general, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied in China is still very small. In 1985/1986, China was the country with the most nitrogen fertilizers, accounting for 19% of the world; the amount of phosphate fertilizers accounted for the third place in the world and accounted for 9% of the world; and the amount of potassium fertilizer used was the world’s fifteenth, accounting for the world’s 1.4%. Fortunately, after 1987, the amount of potash fertilizer applied in China has increased significantly. The need for potash fertilizer will continue to grow in the future. Therefore, further increasing the source of potash fertilizer and using potash fertilizer is an important issue for agricultural production. The important role of potash fertilizer in agricultural production (a) To maintain a high soil potassium fertility, the basic crop with high yield and stable yield often requires more potassium than nitrogen and phosphorus. The potassium absorbed by the crop comes from the soil and the applied potassium fertilizer. Before the 1970s, there was basically no chemical potash supply in China, and the balance of potassium in farmland soil was maintained by relying on the natural supply of farmyard manure and soil potassium. Because the previous multiple cropping index and yield are not high, the crops take less potassium each year. This low potassium balance can be maintained. With the rapid development of agriculture, the expenditure in the soil is accumulated, and imbalances are serious. For example, a large number of experiments and surveys conducted by the Nanjing Institute of Soil Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences show that the total nutrient balance in farmland in the Taihu Lake area is that nitrogen and phosphorus are basically balanced and have a slight surplus while potassium is depleted. The annual deficit is 52.5 kg/ha ( 3.5 kilograms per mu; in the suburbs of Shanghai, Hangjiahu Plain in Zhejiang, and low and middle production areas in Fujian, the potassium is in deficit, with an annual deficit of 30 to 75 kg/ha (compared to 2 to 5 kg/mu). . Because the soil potassium is not supplemented for a long time and the contradiction of potassium deficiency is exposed, several provinces in the south estimate that the area of ​​potassium deficiency accounts for about 60%. Therefore, potassium fertilizer should be added to make up for the loss of soil potassium to establish The higher potassium balance maintains higher soil potassium fertility and provides a material basis for high and stable crop yields. (2) Potassium can enhance the resistance of crops. Potassium fertilization can make crops grow steadily. In 1998, continuous drought occurred in parts of China. The effect of potash fertilizer on winter rapeseeds is unprecedented. This shows that potassium plays an important role in enhancing crop drought resistance. When the supply of potassium is sufficient, the root system develops well, which is conducive to the absorption of water from the soil; potassium can increase the osmotic pressure of the cell fluid, maintain the elasticity of the thin wall and reduce the loss of water; and the adjustment of the pore opening and closing of the stomata by potassium is also important. Role, when the potassium is sufficient, can reduce the evaporation of water. When the potassium is sufficient, the cell wall is thickened, the stem is tough, the mechanical resistance against parasite penetration increases, and the low molecular compounds in the crop are reduced, and the pathogen lacks food sources, which prevents the development of the disease. Therefore, the role of potassium in enhancing disease resistance of crops is very obvious. In some areas where partial nitrogenous fertilizers cause serious diseases in China, the disease is greatly reduced after the application of potash fertilizer. Therefore, there is a saying that “potash is like pesticidesâ€. In addition, potassium can enhance the crop's ability to resist pests, freeze damage, and resistance to adverse soil conditions. (3) Potassium fertilizer can increase the quality of crops Potassium can promote photosynthesis, increase photosynthetic efficiency, and promote the transport of photosynthetic products. When potassium is sufficient, monosaccharides are produced in the synthesis of sucrose and starch. Therefore, potassium has a good influence on the yield and quality of starch and sugar crops. Potassium can also promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by crops and promote the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, sufficient supply of potassium will not only increase the yield, but also increase the protein content in the grain and improve the quality. The good effect of potassium in improving product quality, in addition to improving the basic nutrients (such as protein, carbohydrates, etc.), can also increase the mineral content, improve the appearance of the fruit morphology and increase the fruit's storage resistance. Practice has proved that the adverse effects produced by single application of nitrogen fertilizer can be improved to varying degrees through the application of potash fertilizer. Applying potash sometimes does not necessarily increase yield, but it does a good job of improving quality. With the improvement of people’s living standards and agricultural product rates, more emphasis is placed on product quality, especially in order to occupy the international market. Higher quality requirements should play a role in this aspect of potash fertilizer. (4) The combination of potash fertilizer and the adjustment of nutrient proportions can fully utilize the nutrients required for other fertilizers to be effective, generally in a certain proportion. For example, the proportion of nitrogen, potassium and potassium absorbed by rice is 2:1:2.5 (n:p2o5: K2o). When nutrient supply is imbalanced, normal crop growth and development will be affected. Therefore, balanced supply of various nutrients is a necessary condition for high yield of crops, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers is also an indicator of agricultural development. In recent years, in some potassium-depleted soils, nitrogen fertilizer alone has not been able to increase production, or the utility of nitrogen fertilizer has declined. The lack of potassium in the soil, and the imbalance of nitrogen and potassium nutrients is one of the reasons for the decline in the utility of nitrogen fertilizers. For example, a late rice test showed that when the amount of n was increased from 2.1 kg (4.2 kg) to 4.2 kg (8.4 kg) and 6.3 kg (12.6 kg), rice yield dropped from 286 kg (572 kg) to 269 kg (538 kg). With 255 kg (510 kg), after acid application of potash, it increased to 340 kg (680 kg), 346 kg (692 kg) and 355 kg (710 kg). In order to give full play to the effectiveness of chemical fertilizers, when the supply of soil nutrients is insufficient, the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be applied to the soil in different regions of China. Potassium supply level and potassium demand The effect and need of potash fertilizer mainly depends on the potassium supply of soil. Level. Understanding the status of potassium supply in different regions can provide a basis for the distribution and rational application of potash fertilizer. (1) Soil potassium content and influencing factors Total potassium (k2o) content in soil is generally about 0.3 to 2.5%. If these potassium are all available, the crop can be used for one to two hundred years. Unfortunately, most of the above (over 98%) of the potassium in the upper soil is present in soil minerals. The crop is extremely difficult to use. We call it mineral potassium, which is the first form and the main body of total potassium in the soil. The second form of potassium is slow-acting potassium, which usually accounts for about 2% of total potassium. It can be gradually released and is a stock of quick-acting potassium. When assessing the long-term potash potential of the soil, the morphological potassium content and conversion rate should be primarily considered. The third form of potassium is available potassium, mainly exchangeable potassium, and also includes a small amount of water-soluble potassium. It only accounts for 0.1 to 2% of total potassium, which is the main part of crop utilization in the season. The content of potassium in different forms varies greatly among different soils, which is mainly attributed to the differences in soil parent materials and weathering conditions. In northern China, the weathering effect is weak. No matter what kind of soil is formed on the parent rock, there is a large amount of hydromica in the clay part and a strong type of Montmorillonite mineral with the ability to maintain exchangeable potassium. Except the coarse texture, the clay With low levels, potassium is generally high. In the south of the Yangtze River, due to the gradual enhancement of weathering leaching, the hydromic mica in the clay grains gradually decreases, and kaolin minerals and gibbsite, which contain neither potassium nor poor potassium retention capacity, gradually increase. Obviously. The degree of potassium deficiency under the same climatic conditions is closely related to the parent rock. In addition, soils developed from alluvial and sedimentary deposits often have different potassium supply capacities due to differences in the source of the soil material and texture. (b) Overview of Potassium Supply and Potassium Demand in Different Regions 1. The area of ​​red brick soil: red soil and red earth (except those developed by granites and metamorphic rocks) and paddy soil, is the most prominent soil in the zonal soil in China. Especially in soils developed from shallow-water sediments and basalts, the content of potassium is very low. The large-scale application of potash fertilizer in China starts with this area. At present, potassium fertilizers are required for various tropical economic forests and crops. This is also an area where high potency can be obtained with potassium fertilizer. 2. Yellow-soil area: From a national point of view, the potential for supplying potassium in this area is also low, such as the soil developed from limestone in Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, the soil developed from red sandstone is the lowest level of potassium supply in the region, and therefore potassium fertilizer The effect is also most significant. The soil in the hilly area developed from the Quaternary red clay, and the demand for potash fertilizer is also outstanding. For soils developed from river alluvium, the level of potassium is higher than that of red soil, and lake sediments are generally higher than alluvial deposits. 3. Saturated areas: Neutral and calcareous purple soils developed from purple shales in some areas of southwest and central China, which are soils with higher potassium levels in the south, but acid purple soils have lower potassium content and potassium has been applied. The report of the effect. 4. Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River: Paddy soils developed from alluvial and lake deposits and yellow-brown soils in this area have lower potash potential than those in North China and Northwest China but are higher than those in central China. The current high-yielding Taihu Lake paddy soil area has begun to show the effect of potash fertilizer, especially for dry crops such as wheat and rapeseed. 5. North China Plain: The supply of potassium for calcareous soil in this area varies with the texture. The viscous fluvo-aquic soil has a high potassium content and currently does not require potash fertilizer. Sandy soils have moderate levels of potassium, and some crops use potassium. The slightly acidic brown soil is a soil with low potassium levels in the area. In general, the potash fertilizer efficiency in some soils in North China has increased. 6. Northwest Loess Region: In this area, the soil and the black stove soil are affected by the parent material of the loess, and the potash supply potential is high. At present, there are few obvious responses to the application of potash fertilizer. 7. Northeast Black Soil: Black soil and chernozem are rich in potassium. At the same time, the multiple cropping index is not high in this area. Except for special crops, potassium fertilizer is generally not required, but peat soil is the exception. 8. Desert areas: The soil in this area is the soil with the highest potassium supply in China. Ways to increase the potash efficacy (1) Soil potassium content and influencing factors Total potassium (k2o) content in soil is generally about 0.3 to 2.5%. If these potassiums are all available, they can be used for crop utilization. century. Unfortunately, most of the above (over 98%) of the potassium in the upper soil is present in soil minerals. The crop is extremely difficult to use. We call it mineral potassium, which is the first form and the main body of total potassium in the soil. The second form of potassium is slow-acting potassium, which usually accounts for about 2% of total potassium. It can be gradually released and is a stock of quick-acting potassium. When assessing the long-term potash potential of the soil, the morphological potassium content and conversion rate should be primarily considered. The third form of potassium is available potassium, mainly exchangeable potassium, and also includes a small amount of water-soluble potassium. It only accounts for 0.1 to 2% of total potassium, which is the main part of crop utilization in the season. The content of potassium in different forms varies greatly among different soils, which is mainly attributed to the differences in soil parent materials and weathering conditions. In northern China, the weathering effect is weak. No matter what kind of soil is formed on the parent rock, there is a large amount of hydromica in the clay part and a strong type of Montmorillonite mineral with the ability to maintain exchangeable potassium. Except the coarse texture, the clay With low levels, potassium is generally high. In the south of the Yangtze River, due to the gradual enhancement of weathering leaching, the hydromic mica in the clay grains gradually decreases, and kaolin minerals and gibbsite, which contain neither potassium nor poor potassium retention capacity, gradually increase. Obviously. The degree of potassium deficiency under the same climatic conditions is closely related to the parent rock. In addition, from the alluvial (two) different regions for potassium and potassium requirements 1. The area of ​​red brick soil: red soil and red earth (except those developed by granites and metamorphic rocks) and paddy soil, is the most prominent soil in the zonal soil in China. Especially in soils developed from shallow-water sediments and basalts, the content of potassium is very low. The large-scale application of potash fertilizer in China starts with this area. At present, potassium fertilizers are required for various tropical economic forests and crops. This is also an area where high potency can be obtained with potassium fertilizer. 2. Yellow-soil area: From a national point of view, the potential for supplying potassium in this area is also low, such as the soil developed from limestone in Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, the soil developed from red sandstone is the lowest level of potassium supply in the region, and therefore potassium fertilizer The effect is also most significant. The soil in the hilly area developed from the Quaternary red clay, and the demand for potash fertilizer is also outstanding. For soils developed from river alluvium, the level of potassium is higher than that of red soil, and lake sediments are generally higher than alluvial deposits. 3. Saturated areas: Neutral and calcareous purple soils developed from purple shales in some areas of southwest and central China, which are soils with higher potassium levels in the south, but acid purple soils have lower potassium content and potassium has been applied. The report of the effect. 4. Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River: Paddy soils developed from alluvial and lake deposits and yellow-brown soils in this area have lower potash potential than those in North China and Northwest China but are higher than those in central China. The current high-yielding Taihu Lake paddy soil area has begun to show the effect of potash fertilizer, especially for dry crops such as wheat and rapeseed. 5. North China Plain: The supply of potassium for calcareous soil in this area varies with the texture. The viscous fluvo-aquic soil has a high potassium content and currently does not require potash fertilizer. Sandy soils have moderate levels of potassium, and some crops use potassium. The slightly acidic brown soil is a soil with low potassium levels in the area. In general, the potash fertilizer efficiency in some soils in North China has increased. 6. Northwest Loess Region: In this area, the soil and the black stove soil are affected by the parent material of the loess, and the potash supply potential is high. At present, there are few obvious responses to the application of potash fertilizer. 7. Northeast Black Soil: Black soil and chernozem are rich in potassium. At the same time, the multiple cropping index is not high in this area. Except for special crops, potassium fertilizer is generally not required, but peat soil is the exception. 8. Desert areas: The soil in this area is the soil with the highest potassium supply in China. Ways to increase potash efficiency The current situation of China's arable land is about one-third of potassium deficiency, which requires a large amount of potash fertilizer. Now that the source of potash fertilizer is limited, how to rationally use it to obtain greater benefits is an important issue in current rational fertilization. The existing experience is briefly described below. (1) The same soil is used together with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. When the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient content is low, or the nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers are used in small quantities, and the production level is not high, the problem of potassium will not be prominent. With the large increase in the amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and the increase in production, the need for potash fertilizer will become increasingly apparent. For 40 years, the development of agriculture has fully confirmed this. A large number of tests have shown that applying potassium fertilizer on the basis of applying nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer can generally increase rice production by about 15%. At present, in some regions, the utility of nitrogen fertilizers has a tendency to decline. One of the reasons is that potassium fertilizer is not paid attention and the proportion of nitrogen and potassium is not adjusted. Therefore, in the production practice, we must pay attention to balanced fertilization. (2) Potassium fertilizer is applied to cold-sweeping fields in cold-sweeping fields and potassium fertilizers are applied to soils under poor environmental conditions. Because of the improvement of potassium nutrients in rice, the oxidative power of the roots is enhanced after the root activity is enhanced, and the content of reducing substances in the soil is reduced. , The increase in the redox potential, thus preventing or reducing the damage of sulfides, organic acids and ferrous iron, which is conducive to the growth of rice. Therefore, the use of potash fertilizer in cold-sweeping fields often yields good results. (3) Reasonable distribution of potash fertilizer in crop rotation In the double cropping rice and wheat single cropping system, potash fertilizer has a large effect on rice and wheat in the following season. The effect of potash fertilizer on late rice is greater than that of upland rice. The reasons are mainly related to the different periods of drought and late rice growth and different soil potassium supply status. For example, an experiment showed that when transplanted early rice, the available potassium content in the soil was 9.9 milligrams, and when it was ripe, it dropped to 4.3 milligrams. The soil potassium could not be restored and then tillage and planting late rice, but the late rice generally had less organic fertilizer. Late rice has a greater effect on potassium application. When potassium is limited, it should be ensured in late rice. (4) Pay attention to Potash applied by Putian. As the saying goes, “Half a half rice is goodâ€, which means that the quality of rice seedlings will affect the growth and development of rice. After the healthy seedlings were transplanted to Honda, they returned green and fast, had early tillering, and had many leaves, which had obvious effect on yield increase. Potassium fertilizer has a good effect on cultivating Zhuang. In the case of the same amount of potash fertilizer, the use of Putian and Daejeon, respectively, applied significantly more than the total application in Daejeon. The experiment in Jiangxi Province showed that 2.5 kg (5 kg) and 5 kg (10 kg) to 7.5 kg (15 kg) of total application were applied in Putian and Daejeon respectively when the total amount of potassium chloride was 7.5 kg (15 kg)/mu. Compared with Datian, the output was 357.3 kg (714.6 kg) and 318.7 kg (637.4 kg) respectively, which means an increase of 11%. (5) Benefits of Potash Fertilizer Application to Economic Crops Economic crops are generally sensitive to potash fertilizers and require large quantities. For example, the high yield of sugarcane absorbs about k2o40-53 kg (80-106 kg) per mu, and about 95 kg (190 kg) of bananas, while only 500 kg (1000 kg) of rice absorbs only 10 kg (20 kg). Potash can not only increase production but also improve product quality. However, in the soil where economic crops are cultivated, the supply level of potassium is often low. Therefore, the development of economic crops requires a large amount of potash fertilizer. (6) According to the characteristics of crops, the application of different varieties of potassium fertilizers, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, is a common type of potash fertilizer. In recent years, sulfur potassium and magnesium fertilizers have been newly imported. Potassium sulphate and sulphopotassium magnesium fertilizers are more expensive than potassium chloride, and their quantities are small, and they do not contain chlorine. They should be used mainly for chlorinated crops such as tobacco, and potassium chloride can be widely used in other crops except tobacco and other crops. On the crop. (seven) pay attention to the application of technology Potassium fertilizer application rate and application period is also very important for improving the potash fertilizer effect. Each crop has its best suitable amount of potash fertilizer. Applying more, the crop will be extravagantly absorbed. Although generally it does not cause harm, it is not economical. For most crops, it is better to use potash fertilizer as base fertilizer, and some crops are better combined with base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer. When the plant apparently lacks potassium, topdressing also has an effect, but the yield and quality of the crop have been significantly impaired at this time. Since the clay minerals in the southern soil are dominated by kaolin, its potassium adsorption capacity is weak, while in the south, the applied potassium fertilizer is easily leached, and the fertilizing performance of the sandy soil is also very weak. Partial application should be emphasized to reduce the loss of potassium. (8) To make full use of organic fertilizers, especially the masts and grasses and ash. The lack of potash resources in China requires large quantities of potash fertilizers to be imported. In addition to the rational use of potash fertilizers, it is also necessary to use local sources to increase the source of potash fertilizers. In areas where conditions permit, it is strongly advocated that grass ash be returned to the field. In areas where conditions permit, the return of the mast to the field is also an important measure to supplement potash fertilizer.
Foot of ningxia hong xingda incense Organic Apple fruit suborbicular, fruit surface color yellow green, most with orange chardonnay fruit surface, covered with bright red stripes, pulp yellow-white, succulent crisp, sweet, rich fragrance, quality first-class; The fruit has a sugar content of over 15%, more than 4% of the national average, and the flesh is tight and crisp and sweet, which is widely loved by consumers all over the world. There is a longer optimal consumption date than any other apple, not even refrigerated. It can be kept for 4 months at normal temperature. If refrigerated, Fuji can be kept for 5--7 months.
Altitude: high altitude area light, clean air, environment close to original condition, no industrial pollution. With an average elevation of 1160-2900m, the central health center has a strong uv light, which produces the natural pollution-free apple, which conforms to the concept of a modern green diet.
Temperature: moderate temperature can avoid the chance of fruit tree encountering disease. The average temperature in ningxia is 8.4 degrees Celsius, which has an important influence on the growth, development, yield and quality of apple. The piedmont apple is thriving in such a good environment.
Humidity environment: moderate amount of rainfall provides necessary conditions for apple's growth. The annual rainfall in the central health region is 186 millimeters. The fruit is slow to grow and the fruit is hard and hard, which fully guarantees the fruit's sugar content and the relatively average size of apples.
Sunshine condition: apple is the fruit tree, the central health area of the whole year is nearly 3,800 hours, is beneficial to the Apple Fruit coloring. The piedmont apples are red and bright.
Temperature difference factors: ambassador apple nighttime respiration weak temperature gap between day and night, consume less organic matter, the accumulation of organic matter during the day more, that apple store down a large number of glucose sugar candy, etc have better taste. The average diurnal temperature difference between apple and apple is 14 degrees centigrade, and the larger diurnal temperature difference ensures the sweet and delicious characteristics of the apple.
Other factors: frost can make apple blossom and fruit, which can cause frozen flower jelly, which is bad for apple's production. The piedmont apple has been kept at least 167 days without frost for the whole year, which minimizes the influence of apple on yield and quality.
Red Fuji Apple,Red Fuji Selenium Apple,Thin Skin Apple,Fresh Red Fuji Fruit
Ningxia hongxingda fruit industry , http://www.hxdfruit.com