There are two kinds of artificial proliferation of sea urchins, that is, the bottom sowing proliferation and colonization and proliferation.
First, the proliferation of broadcast
Bottom sowing refers to the use of artificial seedlings with a shell diameter of 1 cm or more or semi-artificial seedlings collected in the middle of the sea to be placed in a sea area with suitable environmental conditions. After 2 to 3 years of natural growth, the seedlings reach commercial specifications. After the return of the resources to breed. Due to the low capital investment and small management workload, this method is one of the effective methods currently used for the artificial proliferation of sea urchin resources. In the sea areas where the natural conditions are relatively suitable, the catch rate can reach over 40%, and the highest catch rate can reach 76.3%. At present, there are red sea urchins and horse dung urchins. In Japan, the proliferation of sea urchins has become an important part of its “cultivation fisheryâ€, and there are as many as hundreds of major implementing units in the country. The proliferation of sea urchin resources in China is still in the experimental promotion stage.
1. Selection of proliferation sites The two important factors that determine the proliferation effect are the quality of the seedlings and the environmental conditions of the multiplication field. Under the precondition of ensuring the quality of the seedlings, the environmental conditions of the proliferating field will be good for the survival of the seeding seedlings. The rate and its growth have a greater impact.
Therefore, it is necessary to improve the natural fishing grounds and improve the fishing grounds in order to increase the effect of releasing and multiplying. The multiplication field suitable for sea urchin proliferation should have the following environmental conditions:
Water environment flow is smooth, seawater suspended matter is small, affected by wind waves, floating mud is relatively small; freshwater runoff is small or no industrial pollution source, annual salinity is above 27‰; perennial water temperature is close to the optimum temperature range of sea urchin growth The depth of the multiplication field is preferably within 10 meters to facilitate the growth of seaweed-like food.
The bottom of the seabed environment should be a rocky reef or a gravel bottom distributed with stones. There are places suitable for sea urchin attachment and habitat shelter, or artificial alterations can be made. The seabed can be stoned or used tires can be put in.
The bait environment requires algae that are suitable for sea urchins to eat on the seabed, and can maintain a sufficient amount of bait algae for feeding sea urchins during various seasons of algae bloom. At the same time, artificial reefs or seaweeds can be used to feed reefs.
1. After the release of predatory organisms, sea urchins have a relatively small range of activity and have a strong settlement. Relatively few predatory creatures can directly eat sea urchins. However, there are still a small number of fish, crustaceans, and starfish that can directly harm young sea urchins. Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly remove these pests from the breeding ground before the broadcast. In addition, such as sea urchins and sea urchins compete with sea urchins for competition of seaweeds, their feeding types are very similar to those of sea urchins, so they can compete with the sea urchin formation bait under the condition of relatively lack of algae, and multiply these creatures in the field. Excessive biomass can also be a limiting factor that limits the growth or survival of sea urchins.
2. The survival rate of seedlings for proliferation is closely related to their size, so the seedlings' specification and quality also play a key role in the pros and cons of sea urchin proliferation. In June, juvenile sea urchins with a shell diameter of about 0.5 cm were released and 90% of their consumption was reduced by October. In summer, the natural loss of juvenile sea urchins naturally taken off by natural seedlings reaches 85% to 90%. A great deal of reduction in consumption may be due to the release of predators, such as starfish and crabs. In order to increase the release effect, seedlings of natural seedlings were bred from June to November, and then the juvenile sea urchins with an average body length of about 1.5 cm were released. The survival rate after one year was greatly increased. It can be seen that the suitable specifications for the release of horse urchin sea urchin should be more than 1 cm. It has also been reported that when the 1.5 cm seedlings were released, the survival rate of the northern species was 75% after one year, and the survival rate of the warm water species after 7 months of release was 65%. Red sea urchins after 1.5 years to 2 years shell diameter up to 3 cm to 4 cm; horse feces sea urchins released 1 year to 1.5 years shell diameter up to 3 cm to 4 cm. Hokkaido Central Test Farm in Japan also used different specifications of sea urchin seedlings for seeded propagation and comprehensive comparison of their respective survival rates. The results showed that the survival rate of small-sized sea urchin seedlings 4 mm to 5 mm without intermediate breeding was less than 10% in less than half a year, and the reduction in consumption of 10 mm sea urchin seedlings grown in the middle 10 months after discharge was also significant. 15 The survival rate of sea urchin seedlings from mm to 20 mm after one year is 20% to 75%. It is therefore necessary to release large seedlings. After observation of the proliferation test in the last 2 to 3 years, the authors concluded that for a good seeding proliferation effect, the seedlings of E. guianensis and E. globosum should be more than 2 cm in size.
3. The quality of the seeding seedling marker technology is directly related to the follow-up investigation of sowing seedlings and the inspection of the seeding proliferation effect, and thus it is one of the important contents of the sea uranium seedling proliferation study. Researches on seagrass seedling marking methods have made great progress. For example, the live skin dyeing method was used to mark the sea urchin of sea urchin. It was stained with 2% bright red for 30 minutes. The method is simple and the signs are clear. After 1 year Markers can still be identified.
Propagation and proliferation refers to the transfer of sea urchin natural seedlings (or sea urchins) from the outer sea, or from sea urchins with high density or poor bait environment to sea areas with better environmental conditions, and to accelerate their growth and reproduction by improving environmental conditions. Sea urchin resources, this type of resource proliferation is also called proliferation. In order to promote the growth of sea urchins after colonization more quickly, sometimes combined with an environment that artificially reforms the breeding grounds, for example, the Ichikawa Town Fishermen's Association of Iwate Prefecture uses the intertidal zone to dig a multiplication groove, and uses a sinking type cable in the multiplication groove. Seaweed seedlings or wakame seedlings are grown, and bait seaweeds are proliferated. At the same time, they are transplanted into natural sea urchins. The sea urchin population before transplanting was relatively thin, with individuals with a gonadal index of less than 10 accounting for 43% and individuals with a score below 15 accounting for 75%. After 10 months of colonization, individuals with a full gonadal development and a gonad index exceeding 20 can reach 80%. The results of the experiment from 1975 to 1986 showed that the output rate was about 85% higher than that of the native sea urchin of the place of origin. Some people in China have proposed the process of colonization and proliferation of purple sea urchins. There are mainly four links:
First, when the time of transplanting seedlings is transferred, when the temperature is too high or too low, due to the large difference between the temperature and the temperature of the seawater, the purple sea urchin, which is collected and transferred, has a low survival rate due to stress. Therefore, the best time to transplant seedlings should be selected from March to April each year. At this time, the genital development of purple sea urchin is in phase I to phase II. The egg is small, and the egg membrane elasticity is good. At the same time, the temperature difference between temperature and seawater temperature is small. Especially at night the temperature difference is even smaller. The transplanting can also be carried out around November each year.
Second, the capture method During the harvesting process, it will inevitably cause mechanical damage to the sea urchin. In order to minimize the damage of the purple sea urchin, fishing rods, diving and other traditional fishing methods should be adopted. This way, the purple sea urchins that were taken were uniformly and neatly arranged with almost no damage. However, the purple sea urchins harvested with razor clams and grazing nets are seriously damaged by each other as they collide with one another in the net. In addition, algae can be used as a bait in the relatively rare algae area, where net baskets are used for fishing. Although the number of harvested fish is relatively small, the purple sea urchins obtained are very large.
Third, the transport method Purple sea urchin transplantation "dry dew" the shorter the better, but subject to conditions, the water is usually a long time, after the capture, generally into the net pocket or cage hanging in the water, at 5 pm Left and right ship. If the sea urchins are packed in fish tanks, not only the loading and unloading time is long, but also the sea urchins are tossed back and forth during loading and unloading. The spines are easily broken and the sea urchins survived after the severed spines, but they all affected their growth to varying degrees. And the development of the gonads. The development still stays in phase I to phase II. It is dark and thin. It is poor in color and texture. The living sea urchin grows after one or two months, and the gonad development basically reaches stage III to IV, and the color, taste and fullness also change greatly. Practice has proved that the best way to transport is to place sea urchins directly on the deck of the ship, which not only shortens the loading and unloading time, but also reduces the damage rate of purple sea urchins. In order to prevent the underlying purple sea urchin from being damaged due to excessive pressure, the sea urchin should not be stacked too thick, generally less than 50 cm. In order to prevent dehydration of sea urchin during transportation, sprinkle it with seawater once every hour or so.
IV. Transplanted seedlings Purple sea urchins transplanted in the culturing and breeding areas are put into the sea and directly submerged into the seabed. Generally, they are able to survive, and almost all of the purple urchins that have “followed the flow†have died. The purple sea urchin, which survived in the area of ​​growth and culture, was very adaptable. The next day after the seeding, it was collected and collected for dissection. It was observed that the esophagus was full of algae that had just been ingested. One week later, the genital glands of the purple sea urchin started to change color. After two weeks, the color of the gonads was very close to that of the local purple sea urchins. After one and a half months, the genital glands of the purple sea urchin reached the stage III to IV, ie, they reached the acquisition specifications. When it is put into operation, it should be paid attention to directly put into the sea area with algae and sea on the bottom of the sea.
First, the proliferation of broadcast
Bottom sowing refers to the use of artificial seedlings with a shell diameter of 1 cm or more or semi-artificial seedlings collected in the middle of the sea to be placed in a sea area with suitable environmental conditions. After 2 to 3 years of natural growth, the seedlings reach commercial specifications. After the return of the resources to breed. Due to the low capital investment and small management workload, this method is one of the effective methods currently used for the artificial proliferation of sea urchin resources. In the sea areas where the natural conditions are relatively suitable, the catch rate can reach over 40%, and the highest catch rate can reach 76.3%. At present, there are red sea urchins and horse dung urchins. In Japan, the proliferation of sea urchins has become an important part of its “cultivation fisheryâ€, and there are as many as hundreds of major implementing units in the country. The proliferation of sea urchin resources in China is still in the experimental promotion stage.
1. Selection of proliferation sites The two important factors that determine the proliferation effect are the quality of the seedlings and the environmental conditions of the multiplication field. Under the precondition of ensuring the quality of the seedlings, the environmental conditions of the proliferating field will be good for the survival of the seeding seedlings. The rate and its growth have a greater impact.
Therefore, it is necessary to improve the natural fishing grounds and improve the fishing grounds in order to increase the effect of releasing and multiplying. The multiplication field suitable for sea urchin proliferation should have the following environmental conditions:
Water environment flow is smooth, seawater suspended matter is small, affected by wind waves, floating mud is relatively small; freshwater runoff is small or no industrial pollution source, annual salinity is above 27‰; perennial water temperature is close to the optimum temperature range of sea urchin growth The depth of the multiplication field is preferably within 10 meters to facilitate the growth of seaweed-like food.
The bottom of the seabed environment should be a rocky reef or a gravel bottom distributed with stones. There are places suitable for sea urchin attachment and habitat shelter, or artificial alterations can be made. The seabed can be stoned or used tires can be put in.
The bait environment requires algae that are suitable for sea urchins to eat on the seabed, and can maintain a sufficient amount of bait algae for feeding sea urchins during various seasons of algae bloom. At the same time, artificial reefs or seaweeds can be used to feed reefs.
1. After the release of predatory organisms, sea urchins have a relatively small range of activity and have a strong settlement. Relatively few predatory creatures can directly eat sea urchins. However, there are still a small number of fish, crustaceans, and starfish that can directly harm young sea urchins. Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly remove these pests from the breeding ground before the broadcast. In addition, such as sea urchins and sea urchins compete with sea urchins for competition of seaweeds, their feeding types are very similar to those of sea urchins, so they can compete with the sea urchin formation bait under the condition of relatively lack of algae, and multiply these creatures in the field. Excessive biomass can also be a limiting factor that limits the growth or survival of sea urchins.
2. The survival rate of seedlings for proliferation is closely related to their size, so the seedlings' specification and quality also play a key role in the pros and cons of sea urchin proliferation. In June, juvenile sea urchins with a shell diameter of about 0.5 cm were released and 90% of their consumption was reduced by October. In summer, the natural loss of juvenile sea urchins naturally taken off by natural seedlings reaches 85% to 90%. A great deal of reduction in consumption may be due to the release of predators, such as starfish and crabs. In order to increase the release effect, seedlings of natural seedlings were bred from June to November, and then the juvenile sea urchins with an average body length of about 1.5 cm were released. The survival rate after one year was greatly increased. It can be seen that the suitable specifications for the release of horse urchin sea urchin should be more than 1 cm. It has also been reported that when the 1.5 cm seedlings were released, the survival rate of the northern species was 75% after one year, and the survival rate of the warm water species after 7 months of release was 65%. Red sea urchins after 1.5 years to 2 years shell diameter up to 3 cm to 4 cm; horse feces sea urchins released 1 year to 1.5 years shell diameter up to 3 cm to 4 cm. Hokkaido Central Test Farm in Japan also used different specifications of sea urchin seedlings for seeded propagation and comprehensive comparison of their respective survival rates. The results showed that the survival rate of small-sized sea urchin seedlings 4 mm to 5 mm without intermediate breeding was less than 10% in less than half a year, and the reduction in consumption of 10 mm sea urchin seedlings grown in the middle 10 months after discharge was also significant. 15 The survival rate of sea urchin seedlings from mm to 20 mm after one year is 20% to 75%. It is therefore necessary to release large seedlings. After observation of the proliferation test in the last 2 to 3 years, the authors concluded that for a good seeding proliferation effect, the seedlings of E. guianensis and E. globosum should be more than 2 cm in size.
3. The quality of the seeding seedling marker technology is directly related to the follow-up investigation of sowing seedlings and the inspection of the seeding proliferation effect, and thus it is one of the important contents of the sea uranium seedling proliferation study. Researches on seagrass seedling marking methods have made great progress. For example, the live skin dyeing method was used to mark the sea urchin of sea urchin. It was stained with 2% bright red for 30 minutes. The method is simple and the signs are clear. After 1 year Markers can still be identified.
Propagation and proliferation refers to the transfer of sea urchin natural seedlings (or sea urchins) from the outer sea, or from sea urchins with high density or poor bait environment to sea areas with better environmental conditions, and to accelerate their growth and reproduction by improving environmental conditions. Sea urchin resources, this type of resource proliferation is also called proliferation. In order to promote the growth of sea urchins after colonization more quickly, sometimes combined with an environment that artificially reforms the breeding grounds, for example, the Ichikawa Town Fishermen's Association of Iwate Prefecture uses the intertidal zone to dig a multiplication groove, and uses a sinking type cable in the multiplication groove. Seaweed seedlings or wakame seedlings are grown, and bait seaweeds are proliferated. At the same time, they are transplanted into natural sea urchins. The sea urchin population before transplanting was relatively thin, with individuals with a gonadal index of less than 10 accounting for 43% and individuals with a score below 15 accounting for 75%. After 10 months of colonization, individuals with a full gonadal development and a gonad index exceeding 20 can reach 80%. The results of the experiment from 1975 to 1986 showed that the output rate was about 85% higher than that of the native sea urchin of the place of origin. Some people in China have proposed the process of colonization and proliferation of purple sea urchins. There are mainly four links:
First, when the time of transplanting seedlings is transferred, when the temperature is too high or too low, due to the large difference between the temperature and the temperature of the seawater, the purple sea urchin, which is collected and transferred, has a low survival rate due to stress. Therefore, the best time to transplant seedlings should be selected from March to April each year. At this time, the genital development of purple sea urchin is in phase I to phase II. The egg is small, and the egg membrane elasticity is good. At the same time, the temperature difference between temperature and seawater temperature is small. Especially at night the temperature difference is even smaller. The transplanting can also be carried out around November each year.
Second, the capture method During the harvesting process, it will inevitably cause mechanical damage to the sea urchin. In order to minimize the damage of the purple sea urchin, fishing rods, diving and other traditional fishing methods should be adopted. This way, the purple sea urchins that were taken were uniformly and neatly arranged with almost no damage. However, the purple sea urchins harvested with razor clams and grazing nets are seriously damaged by each other as they collide with one another in the net. In addition, algae can be used as a bait in the relatively rare algae area, where net baskets are used for fishing. Although the number of harvested fish is relatively small, the purple sea urchins obtained are very large.
Third, the transport method Purple sea urchin transplantation "dry dew" the shorter the better, but subject to conditions, the water is usually a long time, after the capture, generally into the net pocket or cage hanging in the water, at 5 pm Left and right ship. If the sea urchins are packed in fish tanks, not only the loading and unloading time is long, but also the sea urchins are tossed back and forth during loading and unloading. The spines are easily broken and the sea urchins survived after the severed spines, but they all affected their growth to varying degrees. And the development of the gonads. The development still stays in phase I to phase II. It is dark and thin. It is poor in color and texture. The living sea urchin grows after one or two months, and the gonad development basically reaches stage III to IV, and the color, taste and fullness also change greatly. Practice has proved that the best way to transport is to place sea urchins directly on the deck of the ship, which not only shortens the loading and unloading time, but also reduces the damage rate of purple sea urchins. In order to prevent the underlying purple sea urchin from being damaged due to excessive pressure, the sea urchin should not be stacked too thick, generally less than 50 cm. In order to prevent dehydration of sea urchin during transportation, sprinkle it with seawater once every hour or so.
IV. Transplanted seedlings Purple sea urchins transplanted in the culturing and breeding areas are put into the sea and directly submerged into the seabed. Generally, they are able to survive, and almost all of the purple urchins that have “followed the flow†have died. The purple sea urchin, which survived in the area of ​​growth and culture, was very adaptable. The next day after the seeding, it was collected and collected for dissection. It was observed that the esophagus was full of algae that had just been ingested. One week later, the genital glands of the purple sea urchin started to change color. After two weeks, the color of the gonads was very close to that of the local purple sea urchins. After one and a half months, the genital glands of the purple sea urchin reached the stage III to IV, ie, they reached the acquisition specifications. When it is put into operation, it should be paid attention to directly put into the sea area with algae and sea on the bottom of the sea.
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