In mountainous regions, farmers often lack the knowledge needed for proper fertilization, leading to common misconceptions that reduce fertilizer efficiency and even harm crops. Poor fertilization practices can result in slow growth, low yields, or even plant death. To address this, it's important to understand and avoid these common mistakes: First, many believe that applying fertilizer near the plant’s stem is the best method. However, plants mainly absorb nutrients through their root hairs, not the stem or base of the plant. Fertilizing too close to the stem can cause "burning" due to high concentration, especially when the plant is not in its early seedling stage. Therefore, it's better to apply fertilizer around the root zone, where absorption is most effective. Second, some farmers wait until crops show signs of nutrient deficiency before re-fertilizing. But it usually takes 3–5 days for paddy fields and 5–7 days for dry land for crops to fully absorb the nutrients. Waiting too long after application can lead to prolonged nutrient deficiency, reducing yield. It's better to fertilize ahead of time based on crop needs, considering factors like light, temperature, and moisture. Third, there's a belief that good plant growth automatically leads to high yields. However, crops go through both vegetative and reproductive stages. Excessive nitrogen during the reproductive phase can cause overgrowth, which hinders fruit or grain development. A balanced approach—using nitrogen early and phosphorus and potassium later—is more effective for maximizing yield. Fourth, many overlook the importance of soil type and fertilizer characteristics. Sandy soils require frequent, small applications, while clay soils benefit from early base fertilization. Potassium dissolves quickly, so it should be applied when crops need it. Organic and phosphate fertilizers release slowly and are best used early. Ammonium hydroxide, being volatile, should be mixed with other materials to reduce loss. Fifth, some farmers focus only on the quantity of fertilizer rather than its nutrient content. Low-quality compound fertilizers may lack essential elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, leading to imbalances and poor crop performance. Understanding the composition of fertilizers and supplementing with missing nutrients is crucial for healthy growth. Sixth, over-fertilizing can be harmful. According to the law of diminishing returns, excessive fertilizer can reduce efficiency and lower profits. It's important to apply the right amount based on soil fertility, crop type, and growth stage to optimize both yield and economic return. Lastly, many ignore trace elements despite their importance. Elements like iron, zinc, and boron are essential for certain crops at specific growth stages. Deficiencies can lead to deformities, reduced yield, and lower quality. Combining major and minor nutrients ensures well-rounded plant development. By understanding these key points, farmers can improve their fertilization practices, enhance productivity, and promote sustainable agriculture.

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